BIODIVERSIDADE E INTERAÇÃO DE ECTOPARASITOS EM ROEDORES SILVESTRES Holochilus sciureus WAGNER, 1842 (RODENTIA: CRICETIDAE), CAPTURADOS NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO, BRASIL

The aim of this study was to carry out the identification of ectoparasites fauna of H. sciureus rodents in order to describe the dynamics of inter-relationship between parasites, the host and the environment. Therefore, these animals were captured in São Bento city, state of Maranhão, Brazil. We used fine-toothed combs and metal tweezers for collecting the ectoparasites that were preserved in 70% ethanol and identified with taxonomic keys. Ecoepidemiological parameters (abundance, prevalence, maximum and average intensity) of each identified group, were calculated. The occurrence of mixed infestations was also investigated. Statistical tests of Pearson's correlation (p<0.05) were performed between the variables: abundance of ectoparasites, biological characteristics of the host and pluviometric index of the region. A total of 104 rodents was obtained and 5109 ectoparasites were identified as: Prolistrophorus spp. (59.13%), Laelaps sp. (34.9%), Hoplopleura sp. (5.83%), larvae of Metacuterebra sp. (0.03%). The values of the ecoepidemiological parameters were higher for Prolistrophorus spp. Triple infestations were the most frequent (57.74%). Among the correlations, only the total length in male rodents influenced in a negative and significant way the abundance of Laelaps sp. We made here the first records of the mite Prolistrophorus spp., the lice Hoplopleura sp. and the dipteran Metacuterebra sp. larvae for Maranhão state.Keywords. arthropod parasites; wild mammal; Maranhão. Objetivou-se realizar a identificação da ectoparasitofauna do roedor Holochilus sciureus de forma a descrever a dinâmica da inter-relação entre parasitos, o hospedeiro e o ambiente. Para tanto, esses animais foram capturados na cidade de São Bento, estado do Maranhão. Utilizaram-se pentes finos e pinças metálicas para a coleta dos ectoparasitos que foram conservados em etanol a 70% e identificados com auxílio de chaves taxonômicas. Calcularam-se parâmetros ecoepidemiológicos (abundância, prevalência, intensidade máxima e média) de cada grupo identificado. A ocorrência de infestações mistas também foi investigada. Realizaram-se testes estatísticos de correlação de Pearson (p<0,05) entre as variáveis: abundância dos ectoparasitos, características biológicas do hospedeiro e índice pluviométrico da região. Foi obtido um total de 104 roedores e 5109 ectoparasitos, que foram identificados como: Prolistrophorus spp. (59,13%), Laelaps sp. (34,9%), Hoplopleura sp. (5,83%) e larvas de Metacuterebra sp. (0,03%). Os valores dos parâmetros ecoepidemiológicos foram mais elevados para Prolistrophorus spp. As infestações triplas foram as mais frequentes (57,74%). Dentre as correlações realizadas, somente o comprimento total em roedores machos influenciou de maneira negativa e significativa a abundância de Laelaps sp. O ácaro Prolistrophorus spp., o piolho Hoplopleura e, larvas de Metacuterebra sp. constituem primeiros registros para o estado do Maranhão.Palavras-chave. artrópodes parasitos, mamífero silvestre, Maranhão

FAUNA ENDOPARASITÁRIA EM ROEDORES Holochilus sciureus (RODENTIA: CRICETIDAE), RESERVATÓRIO SILVESTRE DA ESQUISTOSSOMOSE NO MARANHÃO, BRASIL

The objective was to evaluate the endoparasitary fauna of H. sciureus, in order to identify the parasitic infections of this host and to investigate the diseases that humans can acquire when there is a proximity to these animals. To do so, these animals were captured in the city of São Bento, state of Maranhão. Captures were made using Tomahawk type traps.The feces were then collected from rodents, in which they were submitted to the methods of Kato-Katz and Hoffman, with the purpose of confirming the positivity of endoparasites, confirmed by the presence of eggs, cysts, oocysts and larvae in the feces.The prevalence rates, abundance and mean intensity of each endoparasite were calculated using specific formulas.As a result, a total of 80 rodents were obtained, with the following specimens being identified: Trichuris muris (8.45%); Nippostrongylus sp. (45.5%); Aspiculuris tetraptera (5.63%); Larvae of Strongyloides sp. (15.49%); Hymenolepis nana (2.81%); Schistosoma mansoni (22.12%); Coccidia (25.35%) and Entamoeba sp. (14.65%).Therefore, as there are reports of human cases parasitized with some of these specimens identified in rodent fecal samples, the need for measures to control the population of these rodents to avoid the transmission of diseases to humans is emphasized.Keywords: helminths; zoonotic potential; wild rodents.Objetivou-se avaliar a fauna endoparasitária do H. sciureus, com intuito de identificar as infecções parasitárias deste hospedeiro e averiguar as enfermidades que os humanos podem adquirir quando houver uma proximidade com estes animais. Para tanto, esses animais foram capturados na cidade de São Bento, estado do Maranhão. As capturas foram realizadas através de armadilhas do tipo Tomahawk. Posteriormente coletou-se as fezes dos roedores, nas quais foram submetidas aos métodos de Kato-Katz e Hoffman, com o intuito de comprovar a positividade de endoparasitos, confirmado pela presença de ovos, cistos, oocistos e larvas nas fezes. Calcularam-se as taxas de prevalência, abundância e intensidade média de cada endoparasito, através de fórmulas específicas. Como resultado, obteve-se um total de 80 roedores, sendo identificados os seguintes espécimes de parasitos: Trichuris muris(8,45%); Nippostrongylus sp.(45,5%); Aspiculuris tetraptera (5,63%); larvas de Strongyloides sp. (15,49%); Hymenolepis nana (2,81%); Schistosoma mansoni (22,12%); Coccídios (25,35%) e Entamoeba sp. (14,65%).  Portanto, como há relatos de casos humanos parasitados com alguns desses espécimes identificados nas amostrais fecais dos roedores, ressalta-se a necessidade de medidas de controle da população desses roedores para evitar a transmissão de doenças ao homem.Palavras-chave: helmintos, potencial zoonótico, roedores silvestres

Intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in a region of northeastern Brazil: a situation analysis after the discontinuance of a zoonosis control program.

In São Luís, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, the notification of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases intensified in 1982, showing endemic and epidemic patterns. In this city, the Center for Zoonoses Control (CZC) was an organization in charge of the control and prevention of the disease. However, technical and political reasons have led to a significant decline in the periodicity of its activities. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the epidemiological scenario of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) and the prevalence of the disease in dogs after the cessation of the CZC activities, covering the period of 2007 to 2016. The seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis was determined based on clinical and serological profiles. HVL cases were notified using data provided by the Municipal Health Department of São Luís. A seropositivity rate of 45.8% (p = 0.0001) was found among dogs, 54% (p = 0.374) of which were asymptomatic. As for human cases, there were 415 notifications, with an increase in the incidence of the zoonosis observed during the aforementioned period. Thus, it can be inferred that after the control and surveillance activities were curtailed, there was an increase in the number of seropositive animals in circulation, acting as reservoirs of infection for dogs and humans

Immunological mechanisms involved in macrophage activation and polarization in schistosomiasis

Human schistosomiasis is caused by helminths of the genus Schistosoma. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune regulation of this disease. These cells acquire different phenotypes depending on the type of stimulus they receive. M1 macrophages can be ‘classically activated’ and can display a proinflammatory phenotype. M2 or ‘alternatively activated’ macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory cells. Despite the relevance of macrophages in controlling infections, the role of the functional types of these cells in schistosomiasis is unclear. This review highlights different molecules and/or macrophage activation and polarization pathways during Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infection. This review is based on original and review articles obtained through searches in major databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, ACS, PubMed, Wiley, Scielo, Web of Science, LILACS and ScienceDirect. Our findings emphasize the importance of S. mansoni and S. japonicum antigens in macrophage polarization, as they exert immunomodulatory effects in different stages of the disease and are therefore important as therapeutic targets for schistosomiasis and in vaccine development. A combination of different antigens can provide greater protection, as it possibly stimulates an adequate immune response for an M1 or M2 profile and leads to host resistance; however, this warrants in vitro and in vivo studies

Entendendo a agitação psicomotora na sociedade brasileira: revisão de literatura

Introduction: Psychomotor agitation is a characteristic feature characterized by intense arousal, involving both psychological and motor aspects. This condition can manifest in various ways and is often associated with various mental and neurological disorders. Methodology: This literature review employed a systematic approach to identify relevant studies on psychomotor engineering in hospital settings in Brazil. The descriptors used were Psychomotor Agitation, Psychomotor Hyperactivity, Brazil, Hospitals, Psychiatric. The search was conducted in the PUBMED database, using the search filter for the last 10 years. Result: In the context of non-pharmacological management of the agitated patient, recommendations emphasize the importance of following a line of interventions, prioritizing less invasive measures before resorting to more coercive approaches. The process begins with directing the patient to a secure environment, providing a fundamental basis for improvement management. Conclusion: Psychomotor improvement is a symptom that can significantly impact a person's quality of life. Understanding the underlying causes and implementing an appropriate therapeutic approach are essential for the effective management of this state. The support of mental health professionals is crucial to assist in both the assessment and treatment of this complex condition.Introdução: A agitação psicomotora é uma característica que se caracteriza por uma intensa intensa, envolvendo tanto aspectos psicológicos quanto motores. Esta condição pode se manifestar de várias maneiras e está frequentemente associada a diversos transtornos mentais e neurológicos. Metodologia: Esta revisão bibliográfica utilizou uma abordagem sistemática para identificar estudos relevantes sobre engenharia psicomotora em contextos hospitalares no Brasil. Os descritores utilizados foram Psychomotor Agitation, Psychomotor Hyperactivity, Brazil, Hospitals, Psychiatric. A busca foi conduzida na base de dados PUBMED, utilizando o filtro de pesquisa nos últimos 10 anos. Resultado: No contexto do manejo não farmacológico do paciente agitado, as recomendações ressaltam a importância de seguir uma linha de intervenções, priorizando medidas menos invasivas antes de recorrer a abordagens mais coercitivas. O processo inicia com o encaminhamento do paciente para um ambiente protegido, proporcionando uma base fundamental para a gestão da melhoria. Conclusão: A melhoria psicomotora é um sintoma que pode impactar significativamente a qualidade de vida de uma pessoa. A compreensão das causas subjacentes e a implementação de uma abordagem terapêutica adequada são essenciais para o manejo eficaz desse estado. O suporte de profissionais de saúde mental é fundamental para auxiliar tanto na avaliação quanto no tratamento dessa condição complexa

A escolha de um caminho: Desistência de um Programa de Residência Multiprofissional

Na perspectiva política de formação de recursos humanos para a saúde, especialmente para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde foi apresentado como uma importante estratégia de formação em serviço. Frente aos inúmeros desafios, esses Programas não estão isentos a evasão por parte dos residentes. Objeto de estudo da presente investigação que tem como objetivos: discutir e analisar os fatores motivacionais que levaram os residentes a evadir de um Programa de Residência Multiprofissional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa em que os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação de um formulário e analisados através da análise de conteúdo, os sujeitos foram ex-residentes que evadiram o Programa cenário do estudo. Os resultados apontam o sofrimento com as relações de trabalho e o estabelecimento de alguns conflitos como os principais fatores que levaram a evasão. Nas considerações finais é destacada a importância da reflexão e intervenção oportuna naquilo que não está caminhando de maneira adequada

Effectiveness of a handmade shell-based substrate for the breeding of Biomphalaria glabrata under laboratory conditions

Efficient snail production is essential for the proper maintenance of the Schistosoma mansoni life cycle in the laboratory. In order to improve the breeding of Biomphalaria glabrata under laboratory conditions, this study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a handmade shellbased substrate on the physiological performance of B. glabrata. The shells used to make the substrate were cleaned, sterilized and macerated until a powder was obtained (yield of 92.3%). B. glabrata specimens were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: negative control group (NCG) exposed to a clay-only substrate; a positive control group (PCG) containing clay, oyster flour and calcium carbonate; and the test group (TG) with the shell-based substrate and clay. B. glabrata bred in the test group showed improved growth, sexual maturity, fertility, mortality rate, and shell morphology when compared to the NCG, and similar to the PCG. Therefore, the shell-based substrate proved to be efficient and has a low cost for the breeding of B. glabrata

MONITORING POSITIVITY FOR Schistosoma mansoni IN RODENTS Holochilus sp. NATURALLY INFECTED

The occurrence of non-human mammals such as schistosomiasis reservoir has always been an aggravating factor to be studied. Family cricetidae rodents like Nectomys sp, seem to have an important role in the potentiation of the spread of it. However, for Holochilus sp. (Rodentia: Cricetidae), found in Maranhão, studies with this function seem scarce. Thereby, we aimmed to analyze the infection rate of these animals for S. mansoni in São Bento – MA, endemic area for the parasite. These rodents were monitored during 12 months, by the Tomahawk traps for caught and triplicates of stool tests blades, made by Kato–Katz kit, for parasitogical exam. A total of 101 rodents were captured, of which 28.7% were naturally infected by S. mansoni (17.3% females and 82.7% males). This analysis showed that an average of 2.4 rodents was infected for one year, being possible to find positive animals in almost all the collects. Therefore, the rodent Holochilus sp. is a potential candidate in ensuring the maintenance of the schistosomiasis cycle in the region under study

ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS DE Holochilus sp., HOSPEDEIRO NATURAL DA ESQUISTOSSOMOSE

In the present study, we aimed to analyze the reproductive aspects (seasonal period and number of embryos) and positivity for S. mansoni in rodent of Holochilus gender, in São Bento - MA. For this, monthly captures of up to 10 Holochilus sp. rodents were conducted, randomly for sex, taking notes of the seasonal period of São Bento in each month of capture. At the laboratory, rodents had feces analyzed for S. mansoni infection by Kato-Katz method. After the analysis, they were adequately anesthetized for obtaining full length, weight and sex determination. In females, an incision of the ventral portion of the body was carried out to verify the presence of embryos and to count them. Among the captured rodents, there was male dominance in almost all months and they tended to be heavier and had larger bodies than the females. The animals showed high reproductive potential. The positivity for S. mansoni and the reproduction of Holochilus sp. were greater in the rainy season of São Bento. As for the number of embryos, we observed that, in the rainy season, more males were found than female. In short, the intense reproductive activity, along the susceptibility to S. mansoni presented by rodents are factors that help to maintain and aggravate schistosomiasis in Baixada Maranhense

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RODENT Holochilus sp., NATURAL HOST OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS

In the present study, we aimed to analyze the reproductive aspects (seasonal period and number of embryos) and positivity for S. mansoni in rodent of Holochilus gender, in São Bento - MA. For this, monthly captures of up to 10 Holochilus sp. rodents were conducted, randomly for sex, taking notes of the seasonal period of São Bento in each month of capture. At the laboratory, rodents had feces analyzed for S. mansoni infection by Kato-Katz method. After the analysis, they were adequately anesthetized for obtaining full length, weight and sex determination. In females, an incision of the ventral portion of the body was carried out to verify the presence of embryos and to count them. Among the captured rodents, there was male dominance in almost all months and they tended to be heavier and had larger bodies than the females. The animals showed high reproductive potential. The positivity for S. mansoni and the reproduction of Holochilus sp. were greater in the rainy season of São Bento. As for the number of embryos, we observed that, in the rainy season, more males were found than female. In short, the intense reproductive activity, along the susceptibility to S. mansoni presented by rodents are factors that help to maintain and aggravate schistosomiasis in Baixada Maranhense. Keywords: rodent; reproduction; Schistosoma mansoni