The Solid Wastes of Coffee Production and of Olive Oil Extraction: Management Perspectives in Rural Areas

There are two problematic solid residues from agriculture and agro‐industry, produced in vast amounts in rural areas: those from coffee bean production and processing and those deriving from the extraction process of olive oil. Notwithstanding these residues originating in different geographical areas, they have striking similarities. They both derive from traditional, conventional and organic agriculture; they have a high content in lignins, celluloses and (poly)phenols; they are produced in million tonnes annually; they pose relevant environmental problems for disposal; they contain bioactive compounds; and the approach for their re‐use is often similar, sometimes overlapping. The most promising re‐uses in rural areas are for agriculture, as animal feed and for energy production. There are also minor uses, suitable for the production of added‐value commodities. The re‐use will be dependent on a variety of factors according to the diversity of (a) pedoclimatic areas that include altitude and latitude, soil texture and organic matter content, water regime and availability, (b) level of expertise of the small farmers, (c) social environment that includes training opportunities and availability to create associative forms among producers, (d) access to trade and communication networks and (e) easy access to community‐level processing installations. The perspectives of agronomic management and valorization are compatible with the objectives of a regenerative, sustainable agriculture

Biomass recycling: development of a microbial starter for the transformation of the problematic olive oil extraction by-product, “humid husk”, into a green amendment with suppressive potential.

The olive humid husk (OHH) is the main solid by-product derived from the olive oil industry. The treatment and disposal of this biomass is difficult because its high moisture and its high content of mineral salts, phenols, lipids and organic acids that makes it a phytotoxic material. Among the available technologies to dispose this waste, composting has been considered the best solution due to its low cost and benefits for the agriculture. The composted OHH returns to croplands the organic matter and nutrients lost by intensive cultivation and avoids at the same time some of the drawbacks often observed when OHH is directly applied to the soil. However, due to the high content of lignocellulosic materials, oil, and antimicrobial compounds, OHH composting is a difficult slow process, not suitable for the industry. In the current research, looking for the production of a green composted amendment, thirteen microorganisms were specifically selected to enhance OHH degradation. The selected microorganisms were then utilized as inoculum in a composting trial that was carried out in dynamic turned Piles. The results indicated that microbial inoculation accelerates the degradation of OHH, reducing the time of composting. In addition, the microbial inoculum had a positive influence on compost quality. The final product showed a deeper humification and better detoxification. Besides, with the aim to improve the suppressive properties of compost, the biocontrol strain B. subtillis M51/II was included in the microbial consortium of the inoculum. The persistence of the strain during the whole composting process was monitored using together a selective microbial analysis and a specific colony PCR assay. The results indicated that the strain B. subtillis M51/II was not only able to survive to the composting process but also able to increase its density. In this thesis, for the first time, it has been set up a procedure for the production of a high quality green composted amendment from OHH in a relatively short time. Besides, the results shows that the use of a microbial inoculum for the production of OHH compost could be successful as a good delivery system to introduce the microbial biocontrol strain B. subtillis into the soil

Andean Flora as a Source of New Repellents against Insect Pests: Behavioral, Morphological and Electrophysiological Studies on Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) is considered as one of the most destructive foodstu pests. Due to their eciency, low toxicity for mammalians and low environmental impact, plant-derived essential oils (EOs) are promising tools for pest control. In particular, the OEs extracted from Lamiaceae are considered among the most bioactive in terms of repellent and/or insecticidal eect. Here, we investigated the repellence of the EOs extracted from two aromatic plant species typical of the flora of the Ecuadorian Andes, Clinopodium tomentosum and C. nubigeum, against adults of S. zeamais. The behavioral assays carried out at concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 23.9 L L1 air in a two-way static olfactometer showed a significant repellent eect starting from the concentration of 8.4 mL L1 air both for the EO of C. nubigenum and C. tomentosum. We also carried out a complete structural analysis of the antenna of S. zeamais using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in order to characterize the olfactory sensilla equipment. In this species, there is no sexual dimorphism also as regards to the antennal morphology and the sensilla type and distribution. We identified six type of sensilla, among which at least three types (Sensillum Trichoideum 1, Sensillum Trichoideum 2 and Grooved Peg Sensillum) can be considered as olfactory. Electroantennography (EAG) recordings carried out on S. zeamais revealed a positive dose-response to both EOs, without dierences between the two sexes

Artemisia spp. essential oils against the disease-carrying blowfly Calliphora vomitoria

Background: Synanthropic flies play a considerable role in the transmission of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, the essential oil (EO) of two aromatic plants, Artemisia annua and A. dracunculus, were evaluated for their abilities to control the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. A. annua and A. dracunculus EOs were extracted, analysed and tested in laboratory bioassays. Besides, the physiology of EOs toxicity and the EOs antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. Results: Both Artemisia EOs were able to deter C. vomitoria oviposition on fresh beef meat. At 0.05 μL cm-2 A. dracunculus EO completely inhibited C. vomitoria oviposition. Toxicity tests, by contact, showed LD50 of 0.49 and 0.79 μL EO per fly for A. dracunculus and A. annua, respectively. By fumigation, LC50 values were 49.54 and 88.09 μL L-1 air for A. dracunculus and A. annua, respectively. EOs AChE inhibition in C. vomitoria (IC50 = 202.6 and 472.4 mg L-1, respectively for A. dracunculus and A. annua) indicated that insect neural sites are targeted by the EOs toxicity. Finally, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the two Artemisia EOs may assist in the reduction of transmission of microbial infections/contaminations. Conclusions: Results suggest that Artemisia EOs could be of use in the control of C. vomitoria, a common vector of pathogenic microorganisms and agent of human and animal cutaneous myiasis. The prevention of pathogenic and parasitic infections is a priority for human and animal health. The Artemisia EOs could represent an eco-friendly, low-cost alternative to synthetic repellents and insecticides to fight synanthropic disease-carrying blowflies

Gli oli essenziali contro la mosca carnaria Lucilia sericata agente di miasi cutanea.

Introduzione. A livello mondiale, le miasi sono un grave problema sia medico che veterinario. Negli ospedali, le miasi provocano seri problemi ai pazienti allettati mentre, negli allevamenti ovini, provocano ingenti danni colpendo milioni di pecore ogni anno con riscontri economici che sono stati stimati in circa 280 milioni di $ nella sola Australia. Nella miasi, le femmine gravide di mosche carnarie, attratte da stimoli olfattivi, depongono le uova in prossimità di ferite aperte o di orifizi di mammiferi. Le larve penetrano nella cute lesionata, invadendo i tessuti dell’ospite nutrendosene e determinando lo stato patologico definito miasi. Scopo. In questo lavoro la bioattività degli oli essenziali (OE) di Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze e di Lavandula angustifolia Mill è stata valutata contro la mosca carnaria Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), agente di miasi cutanee. Materiali e metodi. Gli OE sono stati chimicamente analizzati e testati in laboratorio per l’attività ovideterrente e per la tossicità verso gli adulti e le uova di Lucilia sericata. Il possibile meccanismo di azione è stato valutato mediante test di inibizione dell’acetilcolinesterasi (AChE) ed, infine, gli OE sono stati saggiati per le proprietà antibatteriche e antimicotiche. Risultati. I risultati hanno indicato che alla dose di 0,8 μL cm-2, entrambi gli OE sono in grado di inibire completamente l’ovideposizione di L. sericata fino a 3 ore e, dopo 24 ore, dell’82,7% e del 89,5% per L. angustifolia e per C. nubigenum, rispettivamente. I due OE sono risultati anche tossici per contatto/fumigazione sia per le uova che per gli adulti mostrando valori di CL50 embrionale di 0,07 e 0,48 μL cm-2 mentre, per gli adulti, i valori di DL50 erano 0,278 e 0,393 μL per individuo per C. nubigenum e L. angustifolia, rispettivamente. L'inibizione dell'AChE in L. sericata (IC50 = 67,450 e 79,495 mg L-1 per C. nubigenum e L. angustifolia, rispettivamente) indica un meccanismo di azione neurotossico indiretto. Conclusioni. L’utilizzo degli OE di C. nubigenum e L. angustifolia come trattamento preventivo contro l’agente di miasi L. sericata potrebbe ampliare lo spettro molto ristretto di alternative ecologiche e rispettose del benessere degli animali ai fitofarmaci sintetici e alle cruente procedure chirurgiche (mulesing) attualmente praticate per il controllo delle miasi. Infine, le proprietà antibatteriche e antimicotiche osservate per gli OE di C. nubigenum e L. angustifolia suggeriscono che un trattamento topico potrebbe contribuire alla prevenzione di infezioni secondarie

Goodbye Hartmann trial: a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study on the current use of a surgical procedure developed a century ago

Background: Literature suggests colonic resection and primary anastomosis (RPA) instead of Hartmann's procedure (HP) for the treatment of left-sided colonic emergencies. We aim to evaluate the surgical options globally used to treat patients with acute left-sided colonic emergencies and the factors that leading to the choice of treatment, comparing HP and RPA. Methods: This is a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A total 1215 patients with left-sided colonic emergencies who required surgery were included from 204 centers during the period of March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2020. with a 1-year follow-up. Results: 564 patients (43.1%) were females. The mean age was 65.9 ± 15.6 years. HP was performed in 697 (57.3%) patients and RPA in 384 (31.6%) cases. Complicated acute diverticulitis was the most common cause of left-sided colonic emergencies (40.2%), followed by colorectal malignancy (36.6%). Severe complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3b) were higher in the HP group (P < 0.001). 30-day mortality was higher in HP patients (13.7%), especially in case of bowel perforation and diffused peritonitis. 1-year follow-up showed no differences on ostomy reversal rate between HP and RPA. (P = 0.127). A backward likelihood logistic regression model showed that RPA was preferred in younger patients, having low ASA score (≤ 3), in case of large bowel obstruction, absence of colonic ischemia, longer time from admission to surgery, operating early at the day working hours, by a surgeon who performed more than 50 colorectal resections. Conclusions: After 100 years since the first Hartmann's procedure, HP remains the most common treatment for left-sided colorectal emergencies. Treatment's choice depends on patient characteristics, the time of surgery and the experience of the surgeon. RPA should be considered as the gold standard for surgery, with HP being an exception

Artemisia spp. essential oils against the disease-carrying blowfly Calliphora vomitoria

Background: Synanthropic flies play a considerable role in the transmission of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, the essential oil (EO) of two aromatic plants, Artemisia annua and A. dracunculus, were evaluated for their abilities to control the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. A. annua and A. dracunculus EOs were extracted, analysed and tested in laboratory bioassays. Besides, the physiology of EOs toxicity and the EOs antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. Results: Both Artemisia EOs were able to deter C. vomitoria oviposition on fresh beef meat. At 0.05 μL cm-2 A. dracunculus EO completely inhibited C. vomitoria oviposition. Toxicity tests, by contact, showed LD50 of 0.49 and 0.79 μL EO per fly for A. dracunculus and A. annua, respectively. By fumigation, LC50 values were 49.54 and 88.09 μL L-1 air for A. dracunculus and A. annua, respectively. EOs AChE inhibition in C. vomitoria (IC50 = 202.6 and 472.4 mg L-1, respectively for A. dracunculus and A. annua) indicated that insect neural sites are targeted by the EOs toxicity. Finally, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the two Artemisia EOs may assist in the reduction of transmission of microbial infections/contaminations. Conclusions: Results suggest that Artemisia EOs could be of use in the control of C. vomitoria, a common vector of pathogenic microorganisms and agent of human and animal cutaneous myiasis. The prevention of pathogenic and parasitic infections is a priority for human and animal health. The Artemisia EOs could represent an eco-friendly, low-cost alternative to synthetic repellents and insecticides to fight synanthropic disease-carrying blowflies

Proceedings of the 13th annual conference of INEBRIA

CITATION: Watson, R., et al. 2016. Proceedings of the 13th annual conference of INEBRIA. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 11:13, doi:10.1186/s13722-016-0062-9.The original publication is available at https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.comENGLISH SUMMARY : Meeting abstracts.https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-016-0062-9Publisher's versio

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216