Prevalência e fatores de risco da hepatite C em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with HCV infection in a group of HIV seropositive patients. We analyzed the medical records of 1,457 patients. All patients were tested for HCV infection by third generation ELISA. Whenever possible, a sample of the positive patients was also tested for HCV by PCR. HCV positive patients were analyzed according to their risk factors for both infections. The prevalence of anti-HCV positive patients was 17.7% (258 patients). Eighty-two (82) of these patients were also tested by PCR and 81 were positive for HCV virus (98%). One hundred fifty-one (58.5%) were intravenous drug users (IDU); 42 (16.3%) were sexual partners of HIV patients; 23 (8.9%) were homosexual males; 12 (4.7%) had received blood transfusion; 61 (17.5%) had promiscuous sexual habits; 14 (5.4%) denied any risk factor; 12 (4.7%) were sexual partners of IDU. Two hundred four patients mentioned only one risk factor. Among them, 28 (10.9%) were sexual partners of HIV-positive patients. Although intravenous drug use was the most important risk factor for co-infection, sexual transmission seemed to contribute to the high HCV seroprevalence in this group of patients.O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados à infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC) em um grupo de pacientes soropositivos para o HIV. Analisamos os prontuários médicos de 1.457 pacientes. O diagnóstico laboratorial de infecção pelo VHC foi feito utilizando-se ELISA de terceira geração. Uma parte dos pacientes soropositivos para VHC foram também submetidos à realização de PCR. Os pacientes soropositivos para VHC foram analisados em relação aos fatores de risco para ambas as infecções. A prevalência de pacientes soropositivos para VHC foi de 17,7% (258 pacientes). 82 desses pacientes foram testados para VHC por PCR e 81 (98%) apresentaram-se com resultado positivo. 151 (58,5%) referiram uso de drogas endovenosas (UDE), 42 (16,3%) eram parceiros sexuais de pacientes infectados pelo HIV, 23 (8,9%) eram homossexuais masculinos, 12 (4,7%) tinham recebido transfusão sanguínea, 61 (17,5%) referiram promiscuidade sexual, 14 (5,4%) negaram qualquer fator de risco, 12 (4,7%) eram parceiros sexuais de UDE. 204 pacientes referiram apenas um fator de risco, 51 referiram dois diferentes fatores de risco e três referiram três diferentes fatores de risco. Entre os pacientes que referiram apenas um fator de risco, 28 em 204 (10,9%) eram parceiros sexuais de pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Embora o uso de drogas endovenosas tenha sido o fator de risco mais importante na determinação da co-infecção, a transmissão sexual parece ter contribuído para a alta soroprevalência do VHC nesse grupo de pacientes

Evolution of hepatitis B serological markers in HIV coinfected patients: a case study

OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of serological markers among HIV and hepatitis B coinfected patients, with emphasis on evaluating the reactivation or seroreversion of these markers. METHODS The study population consisted of patients met in an AIDS Outpatient Clinic in São Paulo State, Brazil. We included in the analysis all HIV-infected and who underwent at least two positive hepatitis B surface antigen serological testing during clinical follow up, with tests taken six months apart. Patients were tested with commercial kits available for hepatitis B serological markers by microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Clinical variables were collected: age, sex, CD4+ T-cell count, HIV viral load, alanine aminotransferase level, exposure to antiretroviral drugs including lamivudine and/or tenofovir. RESULTS Among 2,242 HIV positive patients, we identified 105 (4.7%) patients with chronic hepatitis B. Follow up time for these patients varied from six months to 20.5 years. All patients underwent antiretroviral therapy during follow-up. Among patients with chronic hepatitis B, 58% were hepatitis B “e” antigen positive at the first assessment. Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen occurred in 15% (16/105) of patients with chronic hepatitis B, and 50% (8/16) of these patients presented subsequent reactivation or seroreversion of hepatitis B surface antigen. Among hepatitis B “e” antigen positive patients, 57% (35/61) presented clearance of this serologic marker. During clinical follow up, 28.5% (10/35) of those who initially cleared hepatitis B “e” antigen presented seroreversion or reactivation of this marker. CONCLUSIONS Among HIV coinfected patients under antiretroviral therapy, changes of HBV serological markers were frequently observed. These results suggest that frequent monitoring of these serum markers should be recommended

Prevalência das hepatites B e C em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana, em São Paulo, Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses in a group of HIV infected patients, followed at a single institution since 1996. 1,693 HIV positive patients (1,162 male, 531 female) were tested for HBV infection. Virological markers for HBV included HBsAg and total anti-HBc by ELISA. 1,457 patients (1,009 male, 448 female) were tested for HCV infection. Detection of HCV antibodies was carried out by ELISA. A sample of HCV antibody positive patients was tested for HCV by PCR to confirm infection. Of 1,693 patients tested for HBV, 654 (38.6%) and 96 (5.7%) were anti-HBc and HBsAg positive, respectively. Of 1,457 patients tested for HCV, 258 (17.7%) were anti-HCV positive. 82 of these patients were also tested by PCR and 81 were positive (98%). Of 1,411 patients tested for HBV and HCV 26 (1.8%) were positive for both viruses.O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a prevalência da infecção causada pelos vírus da hepatite B (HBV) e da hepatite C (HCV) em um grupo de pacientes infectados pelo HIV e acompanhados em uma única instituição desde 1996. 1.693 pacientes infectados pelo HIV (1.162 do sexo masculino e 531 do sexo feminino) foram testados para o HBV. Os marcadores virológicos utilizados para o HBV foram o HBsAg e o anti-HBc total por ELISA. 1.457 pacientes (1009 do sexo masculino e 448 do sexo feminino) foram testados para o HCV. Realizou-se a detecção dos anticorpos para o HCV através da reação de ELISA. Um grupo de pacientes anti-HCV positivos realizou PCR (polimerase chain reaction) para pesquisa do HCV, para confirmação da infecção. Dos 1.693 pacientes testados para HBV, 654 (38,6%) e 96 (5,7%) eram anti-HBc total e HBsAg positivos, respectivamente. Dos 1.457 pacientes testados para HCV, 258 (17,7%) eram anti-HCV positivos. 82 desses pacientes realizaram PCR para HCV e 81 foram positivos (98%). Dos 1.411 pacientes testados para ambos os vírus HBV e HCV 26 (1,8%) foram positivos para ambos os vírus

Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and α-mRNA expression in HCV-infected adults is decreased by HIV co-infection and is also affected by ethnicity

OBJECTIVE: To determine peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and γ mRNA expression in liver tissue of hepatitis C virus-infected patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus and its possible contribution to an acceleration of liver disease progression. METHODS: We measured peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction in liver tissues from 40 subjects infected only with hepatitis C virus, 36 subjects co-infected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus and 11 normal adults. RESULTS: Hepatic mRNA expression of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors was significantly lower in hepatitis C virus-infected subjects with and without human immunodeficiency virus co-infection compared to the controls. Non-black race was also identified as a predictor of lower peroxisome receptor α and γ mRNA expression. Compared to subjects infected only with hepatitis C virus, liver peroxisome receptor γ mRNA expression was significantly lower in hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus-co-infected subjects (0.0092 in hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus-co-infection vs. 0.0120 in hepatitis C virus-only; p=0.004). Hepatic peroxisome receptor α mRNA expression in the hepatitis C virus-infected patients was lower in the presence of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in non-black subjects (0.0769 vs. 0.1061; p=0.02), whereas the levels did not vary based on human immunodeficiency virus status among black subjects. CONCLUSION: mRNA expression of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors is impaired in hepatitis C virus-infected liver and further reduced by human immunodeficiency virus co-infection, although the suppressive effects of the viruses are substantially mitigated in black patients

Pressure Ulcers In Palliative home Care Patients: Prevalence And Characteristics


Pessoas em cuidados paliativos desenvolvem úlceras por pressão (UPP) à medida que a morte se aproxima, contudo, pouco se sabe sobre a dimensão do problema. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, cujos objetivos foram: identificar a prevalência de úlceras por pressão em pessoas com câncer em cuidados paliativos domiciliares, comparar o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico dos pacientes com e sem úlceras por pressão e analisar as características das úlceras encontradas nessas pessoas. A amostra foi constituída por 64 pessoas com câncer avançado, em cuidados paliativos domiciliares, a maioria (75,0%) do sexo masculino. Doze (18,8%) apresentaram de uma a três UPP, totalizando 19 lesões, 89,4% desenvolvidas no domicílio e 47,4% de estágio 3. A presença de UPP foi maior entre aqueles que tinham história de lesão anterior. A UPP é um evento de ocorrência expressiva na população estudada, indicando que medidas preventivas devem ser incluídas na atuação das equipes de cuidados paliativos domiciliares.Las personas en cuidados paliativos desarrollan úlceras por presión (UPP) a medida que se acerca la muerte, sin embargo, se desconoce la magnitud del problema. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo cuyos objetivos fueron: identificar la prevalencia de las úlceras por presión en pacientes con cáncer en cuidados paliativos domiciliarios, comparar el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico de los pacientes con y sin úlceras por presión y analizar las características de las úlceras encontradas en estas personas. La muestra se constituyó de 64 personas con cáncer avanzado, la mayoría de sexo masculino (75,0%) en cuidados paliativos domiciliarios. Doce participantes (18,8%) tuvieron entre una a tres UPP, con un total de 19 lesiones, de las cuales el 89,4% se desarrolló en el domicilio y el 47,4% estaban en la etapa 3. La prevalencia de UPP fue mayor entre los que tenían antecedentes de lesiones previas. El desarrollo de UPP es un hecho relevante que ocurre en la población estudiada, lo que indica que es primordial incluir medidas preventivas en el trabajo de los equipos de cuidados paliativos domiciliarios.Persons in palliative care develop pressure ulcers (PU) as death approaches, but the extent of the problem is still unknown. The objectives were to identify the prevalence of pressure ulcers in people with cancer in palliative home care, compare the socio-demographic and clinical profile of patients with and without pressure ulcers, and analyze the characteristics of the ulcers. This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 64 people with advanced cancer in palliative home care. Twelve of them (18.8%) had PU, of whom 75.0% were men. The participants had one to three PU, amounting to 19 lesions, 89.4% of those developed at home and 47.4% at stage 3. The presence of PU was higher among those who had a history of previous wound. PU consisted of a significant event occurring in the studied population, indicating that preventive measures should be included in the home palliative care health team.

Characterization of primary direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs resistance mutations in NS5A/NS5B regions of hepatitis C virus with genotype 1a and 1b from patients with chronic hepatitis

The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem. The high level of HCV replication and its lack of post-transcriptional correction mechanisms results in the emergence of viral variants and the difficulty in determining polymorphisms and variants that contain the substitutions associated with resistance towards new antivirals. The main focus of this study was to map the NS5A and NS5B polymorphisms and resistance mutations to new antiviral drugs in HCV strains genotype 1 from patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Serum samples were collected from patients who underwent routine viral load tests at the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo city, Brazil. A total of 698 and 853 samples were used for the characterization of NS5A and NS5B regions, respectively, which comprise the HCV genotypes 1a and 1b. The prevalence of resistance mutations found in the NS5A region was 6.4%, with Y93H, L31M, Q30R, and Y93N as the main resistance-associated substitutions (RAS). No NS5B-associated RAS was observed for any of the analyzed drugs. These findings support that the RAS test should be offered to individuals with poor response to double combination regimens prior to treatment initiation, thereby assisting strain vigilance and selection of effective treatment or retreatment options using DAA regimens

Peginterferon still has a place in the treatment of hepatitis C caused by genotype 3 virus

Despite recent advances in therapy for chronic hepatitis C (CHC), the disease caused by genotype 3 virus (GEN3) is still considered a treatment challenge in certain patient subgroups. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the peginterferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) combination treatment for GEN3/CHC patients, and to evaluate sustained virological response (SVR) indicators and early treatment interruption due to serious adverse events (SAE). This was a retrospective observational study of GEN3/CHC patients, co-infected or not by HIV and treated with Peg-IFN/RBV in nine Brazilian healthcare centers. The study sample included 184 GEN3/CHC patients; 70 (38%) were co-infected with HIV. The overall SVR rate was 57.1% (95% CI 50-64). Among co-infected and mono-infected patients, the SVR rate was 51.4% (36/70) and 60.5% (69/114), respectively (p=0.241). Thirty-four (18.5%) patients experienced SAE and interrupted treatment. SVR was negatively associated with the use of Peg-IFN alpha 2b (PR 0.75; 95% CI 0.58-0.99; p=0.045) and to early treatment interruption due to SAE (PR 0.36; 95% CI 0.20-0.68; p=0.001). Early treatment interruption due to SAE was associated with age (PR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02-1.10;