Características sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas associadas com a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 (HIV-1) em indivíduos expostos ao HIV-1 mas não infectados e em pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1, provenientes da população da região Sul do Brasil

The ability to control human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and progression of the disease is regulated by host and viral factors. This cross-sectional study describes the socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics associated with HIV-1 infection in 1,061 subjects attended in Londrina and region, south of Brazil: 136 healthy individuals (Group 1), 147 HIV-1-exposed but uninfected individuals (Group 2), 161 HIV-1-infected asymptomatic patients (Group 3), and 617 patients with AIDS (Group 4). Data were obtained by a standardized questionnaire and serological tests. The age of the individuals ranged from 15.1 to 79.5 years, 54.0% and 56.1% of the Groups 3 and 4 patients, respectively, were men. The major features of groups 2, 3, and 4 were a predominance of education level up to secondary school (55.8%, 60.2% and 62.4%, respectively), sexual route of exposure (88.4%, 87.0% and 82.0%, respectively), heterosexual behavior (91.8%, 75.2% and 83.7%, respectively), and previous sexually transmitted diseases (20.4%, 32.5%, and 38.1%, respectively). The patients with AIDS showed the highest rates of seropositivity for syphilis (25.6%), of anti-HCV (22.3%), and anti-HTLV I/II obtained by two serological screening tests (6.2% and 6.8%, respectively). The results documenting the predominant characteristics for HIV-1 infection among residents of Londrina and region, could be useful for the improvement of current HIV-1 prevention, monitoring and therapeutic programs targeted at this population.Este estudo transversal descreve as principais características sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas associadas com a infecção pelo HIV-1 em 1.061 indivíduos atendidos em Londrina e região, Sul do Brasil: 136 indivíduos saudáveis (Grupo 1), 147 indivíduos expostos ao HIV-1 mas não infectados (Grupo 2), 161 pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1 assintomáticos (Grupo 3) e 617 pacientes com aids (Grupo 4). Os dados foram obtidos pela aplicação de um questionário padronizado e realização de testes sorológicos. A idade dos indivíduos variou de 15,1 a 79,5 anos; 54,0% e 56,1% dos pacientes dos Grupos 3 e 4, respectivamente, eram homens. As principais características dos indivíduos dos Grupos 2, 3 e 4 foram o predomínio do nível educacional com até oito anos de escolaridade (58,8%, 60,2% e 62,4%, respectivamente), a via sexual de transmissão (88,4%, 87,0% e 82,0%, respectivamente), o comportamento heterossexual (91,8%, 75,2% e 83,7%, respectivamente) e antecedentes de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (20,4%, 32,5% e 38,1%, respectivamente). Os pacientes com aids apresentaram os valores mais elevados de soropositividade para sífilis (25,6%), anti-HCV (22,3%) e anti-HTLV I/II em dois testes de triagem sorológica (6,2% e 6,8%, respectivamente). Os resultados documentando as características predominantes associadas com a infecção pelo HIV-1 observada nos indivíduos de Londrina e região, poderá ser útil na melhoria dos atuais programas de prevenção, monitoramento e de tratamento da infecção pelo HIV-1 dirigidos a esta população

Torque teno virus among dialysis and renal-transplant patients

Patients who undergo dialysis treatment or a renal transplant have a high risk of blood-borne viral infections, including the Torque teno virus (TTV). This study identified the presence of TTV and its genome groups in blood samples from 118 patients in dialysis and 50 renal-transplant recipients. The research was conducted in a hospital in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná. The viral DNA, obtained from whole blood, was identified by using two nested Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR). The frequencies of TTV were 17% and 36% in dialysis patients using the methodology proposed by Nishizawa et al. (1997) and Devalle and Niel (2004), respectively, and 10% and 54% among renal-transplant patients. There was no statistically significant association between the frequency of the pathogen and the variables: gender, time in dialysis, time since transplant, blood transfusions, and the concomitant presence of hepatitis B, for either the dialysis patients or the renal-transplant recipients. Among dialysis patients and renal-transplant recipients, genogroup 5 was predominant (48% and 66% respectively), followed by genogroup 4 (37% and 48%) and genogroup 1 (23% and 25%). Genogroup 2 was present in both groups of patients. Some patients had several genogroups, but 46% of the dialysis patients and 51% of the renal-transplant recipients had only a single genogroup. This study showed a high prevalence of TTV in dialysis patients and renal-transplant recipients

Prevalence of Torque teno virus in healthy donors of Paraná State, southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of the Torque teno virus in healthy donors in the northern and northwestern regions of the state of Paraná, southern Brazil.METHODS: The Torque teno virus was detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction using a set of oligoprimers for the N22 region.RESULTS: The prevalence of the virus was 69% in 551 healthy blood donors in southern Brazil. There was no statistically significant difference between the presence of the virus and the variables gender, ethnicity and marital status. There was significant difference in the prevalence of the virus regarding the age of the donors (p-value = 0.024) with a higher incidence (74.7%) in 18- to 24-year-old donors.CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of Torque teno virus was observed in the population studied. Further studies are needed to elucidate the routes of contamination and the clinical implications of the virus in the healthy population

Atividade leishmanicida de extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis brasileira em Leishmania amazonensis

As leishmanioses são consideradas doenças negligenciadas devido às altas incidências, ampla distribuição geográfica e dificuldade no tratamento sendo incluídas na relação de doenças prioritárias pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Os tratamentos disponíveis para estas doenças apresentam elevada toxicidade, justificando a busca por fármacos alternativos. Estudos prévios com própolis, resina produzida por abelhas, demonstraram sua atividade antiparasitária e imunomoduladora em diversos modelos experimentais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis brasileira, coletado na cidade de Botucatu no estado de São Paulo, sobre formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis, bem como analisar seu efeito in vivo sobre a carga parasitária em baço de camundongos susceptíveis à infecção. Assim, formas promastigotas tratadas com extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis brasileira nas concentrações 5, 10, 25, 50 ou 100 µg/mL apresentaram efeito inibitório sobre a proliferação desses parasitos nos tempos de 24, 96 e 168 h. No entanto, as concentrações de 50 e 100 µg/mL mostraram-se mais eficazes quando comparadas ao controle e às demais concentrações em todos os tempos avaliados. Em relação à carga parasitária, após 30 dias de infecção com L. amazonensis, camundongos BALB/c foram tratados diariamente com a própolis (5mg/kg), via oral ou intraperitoneal, durante 60 dias. Posteriormente, o baço destes animais foi coletado para análise da carga parasitária. O tratamento por via oral reduziu 40% da carga parasitária. Desta forma, a amostra de própolis brasileira testada apresentou ação leishmanicida sobre L. amazonensis em cultura e em camundongos infectados com este protozoário

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-1): implications for autoimmune diseases<br> Vírus linfotrópico de células T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1): implicações em doenças autoimunes

Autoimmunity is characterized by tissue destruction that implicates functional damages caused by self-reactive cells that escape self-tolerance mechanisms. Autoimmune diseases can be initiated by viral infections and the study of the association between these viruses and autoimmunity has advanced the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in autoimmune diseases. The Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-1) is a deltavirus that infects preferentially lymphocytes. Retrovirus particles like has been identified in patients with autoimmune diseases. Therefore this review had by objective approach the main aspects involving HTLV-1 with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Studies show that retroviruses can integrate their genetic material in host DNA, changing the expression gene profile related with apoptosis and immunologic system molecules. It’s known that HTLV-1 can cause different clinical manifestations in their careers and the mechanisms that triggers the HTLV-1 associated autoimmune diseases are not well known. Besides the perpetuation and marked production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, studies have demonstrated that both Th17 cells and T regulatory cells (Tregs) are involved in autoimmune diseases pathogenesis. Therefore the HTLV-1 viral particles recognized could be used as a risk marker in the development of autoimmune diseases.<br>A autoimunidade é caracterizada pela destruição tecidual, que acarreta danos funcionais, causados por células autoreativas que escapam dos mecanismos de autotolerância. Doenças autoimunes podem ser iniciadas por infecções virais e o estudo da associação entre essas viroses e a autoimunidade tem possibilitado melhor conhecimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos nas doenças autoimunes. O vírus linfotrópico de células T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) é um delta vírus que infecta preferencialmente linfócitos. Partículas semelhantes aos retrovírus foram identificadas em pacientes com doenças autoimunes. Portanto, esta revisão teve por objetivo abordar os principais aspectos envolvendo HTLV-1 com o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e artrite reumatóide. Estudos demonstram que retrovírus podem integrar seu material genético no DNA do hospedeiro, alterando o perfil de expressão de genes relacionados a apoptose ou a moléculas do sistema imunológico. Sabe-se que o HTLV pode causar diferentes manifestações clínicas em seus portadores e os mecanismos pelos quais se desencadeiam as doenças autoimunes associadas ao HTLV-1 não estão bem esclarecidos. Além da perpetuação e produção acentuada de citocinas próinflamatórias, estudos têm demonstrado que tanto as células Th17 quanto as células T regulatórias (Tregs) estão envolvidas na patogênese de doenças autoimunes. Portanto o reconhecimento de partículas virais do HTLV-1 poderia ser utilizado como marcador de risco no desenvolvimento de doenças autoimunes

The Association of the Immune Response Genes to Human Papillomavirus-Related Cervical Disease in a Brazilian Population

The genetic variability of the host contributes to the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical disease. Immune response genes to HPV must be investigated to define patients with the highest risk of developing malignant disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of polymorphic immune response genes, namely KIR, HLA class I and II, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytokines with HPV-related cervical disease. We selected 79 non-related, admixed Brazilian women from the state of Paraná, southern region of Brazil, who were infected with high carcinogenic risk HPV and present cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), and 150 HPV-negative women from the same region matched for ethnicity. KIR genes were genotyped using an in-house PCR-SSP. HLA alleles were typed using a reverse sequence-specific oligonucleotide technique. SNPs of TNF −308G>A, IL6 −174G>C, IFNG +874T>A, TGFB1 +869T>C +915G>C, and IL10 −592C>A −819C>T −1082G>A were evaluated using PCR-SSP. The KIR genes were not associated with HPV, although some pairs of i(inhibitory)KIR-ligands occurred more frequently in patients, supporting a role for NK in detrimental chronic inflammatory and carcinogenesis. Some HLA haplotypes were associated with HPV. The associations of INFG and IL10 SNPs potentially reflect impaired or invalid responses in advanced lesions

The effects of nitric oxide on the immune response during giardiasis

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical synthesized from L-arginine by different isoforms NO-synthases. NO possesses multiple and complex biological functions. NO is an important mediator of homeostasis, and changes in its generation or actions can contribute or not to pathological states. The knowledge of effects of NO has been not only important to our understanding of immune response, but also to new tools for research and treatment of various diseases. Knowing the importance of NO as inflammatory mediator in diverse infectious diseases, we decided to develop a revision that shows the participation/effect of this mediator in immune response induced against Giardia spp. Several studies already demonstrated the participation of NO with microbicidal and microbiostatic activity in giardiasis. On the other hand, some works report that Giardia spp. inhibit NO production by consuming the intermediate metabolite arginine. In fact, studies in vitro showed that G. lamblia infection of human intestinal epithelial cells had reduced NO production. This occurs due to limited offer of the crucial substrate arginine (essential aminoacid for NO production), consequently reducing NO production. Therefore, the balance between giardial arginine consumption and epithelial NO production could contribute to the variability of the duration and severity of infections by this ubiquitous parasite