Perceptions de partialité dans la sélection des diplômés internationaux en médecine aux programmes de résidence au Canada

Background: In Canada, international medical graduates (IMG) consist of immigrant-IMG and previous Canadian citizens/permanent residents who attended medical school abroad (CSA). CSA are more likely to obtain a post-graduate residency position than immigrant-IMG and previous studies have suggested that the residency selection process favours CSA over immigrant-IMG. This study explored potential sources of bias in the residency program selection process. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with senior administrators of clinical assessment and post-graduate programs across Canada. We asked about perceptions of the background and preparation of CSA and immigrant-IMG, methods applicants use to improve likelihood of obtaining residency positions, and practices that may favour/discourage applicants. Interviews were transcribed and a constant comparative method was employed to identify recurring themes.  Results: Of a potential 22 administrators, 12 (54.5%) completed interviews. Five key factors that may provide CSA with an advantage were: reputation of the applicant’s medical school, recency of graduation, ability to complete undergraduate clinical placement in Canada, familiarity with Canadian culture, and interview performance.  Conclusions: Although residency programs prioritize equitable selection, they may be constrained by policies designed to promote efficiencies and mitigate medico-legal risks that inadvertently advantage CSA. Identifying the factors behind these potential biases is needed to promote an equitable selection process.Contexte :Parmi les diplômés internationaux en médecine (DIM) au Canada, il y a des diplômés immigrants et des citoyens ou des résidents canadiens qui ont fait leurs études de médecine à l’étranger (CEE). Ces derniers ont plus de chances d’obtenir un poste de résidence postdoctorale que les DIM immigrants. Des études montrent que le processus de sélection des résidents favorise les CEE au détriment des DIM immigrants. La présente étude explore les sources potentielles de biais dans le processus d’attribution des postes de résidence. Méthodes : Nous avons mené des entrevues semi-structurées avec des gestionnaires principaux de programmes d’évaluation clinique et de programmes de formation postdoctorale de tout le Canada. Nous les avons interrogés sur leurs perceptions quant au parcours et au niveau de préparation des CEE et des DIM immigrants, quant aux méthodes utilisées par les candidats pour augmenter leurs chances d’obtenir un poste de résidence et quant aux pratiques qui peuvent encourager ou décourager les candidats. Les entretiens ont été transcrits et une méthode comparative constante a été employée pour identifier les thèmes récurrents. Résultats : Douze (54,5 %) des 22 gestionnaires sollicités ont participé aux entrevues. Les cinq facteurs clés susceptibles de procurer un avantage aux CEE sont : la réputation de la faculté de médecine où le candidat a obtenu son diplôme, la date récente d’obtention de ce dernier, la possibilité d’effectuer un stage clinique de premier cycle au Canada, la familiarité avec la culture canadienne et la performance à l’entrevue. Conclusions : Bien que la sélection équitable soit une priorité pour les programmes de résidence, ils doivent également respecter des politiques visant l’efficacité et l’atténuation des risques médico-légaux qui avantagent involontairement les CEE. Il faut déceler les facteurs qui sous-tendent ces biais potentiels pour renforcer le caractère équitable du processus de sélection

O diálogo com stakeholders na teoria e na prática: análise da relação de uma empresa pública do setor industrial com seus stakeholders, para a construção de uma política de responsabilidade social

DOI: 10.5902/198346598636 The aim of this article is to study the relationship between a public company of the industrial sector and its stakeholders showing the place they occupy in the construction of the company social responsibility policy (CSR). The meaning of the term stakeholder in theory and in the organization’s practice is a challenge in the delineation of interest groups formed along the historical trajectory of the organization. The premises of the corporate social responsibility policy, assume the company's attendance at economic and legal requirements related to their productive activities, in addition to the social and environmental impacts, in order to prevent, mitigate or compensate for the damages resulting from their activities. To adapt to this new reality organizations should incorporate new corporate values that promote the restructuring of their productive activities and the dialogue with stakeholders. The research results suggest that the environmental issues involving the company have spurred the intention to create of CSR and that the notion of stakeholder incorporated by the organization guides in delimitation of the participants in the company’s dialogue with their stakeholders to build a social responsibility policy.DOI: 10.5902/198346598636 O objetivo deste artigo é estudar a relação entre uma empresa pública do setor industrial e seus stakeholders, evidenciando-se o lugar que estes ocupam na construção da política de responsabilidade social da empresa (RSE). O significado do termo stakeholder, na teoria e na prática das organizações, constitui-se um desafio no delineamento dos grupos de interesse formados ao longo da trajetória histórica destas. As premissas da política de responsabilidade social empresarial pressupõem o atendimento da empresa às exigências legais e econômicas relacionadas às suas atividades produtivas, além das sociais e ambientais, no sentido de prevenir, mitigar ou compensar a sociedade pelos danos decorrentes de suas atividades. Para se adequar a essa nova realidade, as organizações devem incorporar novos valores corporativos, que promovam a reestruturação de suas atividades produtivas e o amplo diálogo com os stakeholders. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que as questões ambientais que envolvem a empresa estimularam a intenção de criar uma política de RSE e que a noção de stakeholder incorporada pela organização orienta a delimitação dos participantes no diálogo da organização com os seus stakeholders, para construir uma política de responsabilidade social

Signalling through MyD88 drives surface expression of the mycobacterial receptors MCL (Clecsf8, Clec4d) and Mincle (Clec4e) following microbial stimulation

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the staff of the animal facility for their support and care for our animals. Funding was provided by the Wellcome Trust (102705) and Medical Research Council (UK) (MR/J004820/1) and a University of Aberdeen Studentship to BK.Peer reviewedPostprintPublisher PD

O diálogo com stakeholders na teoria e na prática: análise da relação de uma empresa pública do setor industrial com seus stakeholders para a construção de uma política de responsabilidade social / The dialogue with stakeholders in teory and in practice: analysis of the relationship between an industrial sector public company and its stakeholders to create a social reponsibility policy

O objetivo desse artigo é estudar a relação entre uma empresa pública do setor industrial e seus stakeholders evidenciando-se o lugar que estes ocupam na construção da política de responsabilidade social da empresa (RSE). O significado do termo stakeholder na teoria e na prática das organizações se constitui um desafio no delineamento dos grupos de interesse formados ao longo da trajetória histórica das mesmas. As premissas da política de responsabilidade social empresarial pressupõem o atendimento da empresa às exigências legais e econômicas relacionadas às suas atividades produtivas, além das sociais e ambientais, no sentido de prevenir, mitigar ou compensar a sociedade pelos danos decorrentes de suas atividades. Para se adequar a essa nova realidade as organizações devem incorporar novos valores corporativos que promovam a reestruturação de suas atividades produtivas e o amplo diálogo com os stakeholders. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que as questões ambientais que envolvem a empresa estimularam a intenção de criar uma política de RSE e que a noção de stakeholder incorporada pela organização orienta a delimitação dos participantes no diálogo da organização com os seus stakeholders para construir uma política de responsabilidade social.

Effects Of Heat On Seven Endodontic Sealers

Purpose: To examine the microscopic surface features, chemical composition, and thermodynamic profile of seven endodontic sealers (AH Plus, Adseal, MTA-Fillapex, RoekoSeal, GuttaFlow 2, GuttaFlow BioSeal, and EndoRez) exposed to high-temperature changes using an endodontic obturation device. Methods: The thermal properties were examined using scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, six disc-shaped specimens of each sealer were prepared and divided into two groups – a room temperature group and a heat exposure group – for analysis of surface and chemical changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: DSC analysis showed that AH Plus had the highest exothermal signal (122.9°C), while TGA analysis showed that MTA-Fillapex was most affected by increased temperature (32.4% mass loss at 230ºC). SEM analysis showed that while AH Plus and GuttaFlow BioSeal maintained their surface integrity after heat exposure, the EDS profiles demonstrated changes in the chemical composition of the sealers after heat exposure for 5 s. High-temperature exposure had a negative impact on the properties of five of the sealers (Adseal, MTA-Fillapex, RoekoSeal, GuttaFlow 2, and EndoRez). Conclusion: AH Plus and GuttaFlow BioSeal showed minimal changes upon high-temperature exposure, suggesting their suitability for thermal endodontic obturation techniques