The Cosmic Ray p+He energy spectrum in the 3-3000 TeV energy range measured by ARGO-YBJ

The ARGO-YBJ experiment is a full coverage air shower detector operated at the Yangbajing International Cosmic Ray Observatory. The detector has been in stable data taking in its full configuration since November 2007 to February 2013. The high altitude and the high segmentation and spacetime resolution offer the possibility to explore the cosmic ray energy spectrum in a very wide range, from a few TeV up to the PeV region. The high segmentation allows a detailed measurement of the lateral distribution, which can be used in order to discriminate showers produced by light and heavy elements. In this work we present the measurement of the cosmic ray light component spectrum in the energy range 3-3000 TeV. The analysis has been carried out by using a two-dimensional unfolding method based on the Bayes' theorem.Comment: Talk given at RICAP14 conferenc

Entanglement in fermionic systems

The anticommuting properties of fermionic operators, together with the presence of parity conservation, affect the concept of entanglement in a composite fermionic system. Hence different points of view can give rise to different reasonable definitions of separable and entangled states. Here we analyze these possibilities and the relationship between the different classes of separable states. We illustrate the differences by providing a complete characterization of all the sets defined for systems of two fermionic modes. The results are applied to Gibbs states of infinite chains of fermions whose interaction corresponds to a XY-Hamiltonian with transverse magnetic field.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, 4 table

Environmental impact related to electricity production:comparision of Finland and Sweden

Abstract. Environmental issues have been on the topic lately. Particular attention is paid to emissions which cause global warming. Electricity production causes significant amount of emissions. Therefore, switching to cleaner production is environmentally beneficial. None of the methods are fully clean but emissions are low in some production modes. These include such methods as electricity produced by the sun and wind, as well as nuclear energy. Fossil fuel resources are in short supply. For that reason, it is important to produce electricity from such renewable sources as wind-, solar- and bioenergy plants. Electricity production and consumption occur simultaneously. For that reason, electricity production should match with consumption. Some of the electricity production methods depends on the weather and its sometimes unavailable. Electricity production and consumption is balanced by reserve power plants, like hydro power and imported electricity. Therefore, the electricity coming from the outlet is mixed electricity which contains electricity produced by different methods. In such the Nordic countries as Finland and Sweden, winter is cold and long which cause its own challenges to power generation. This bachelor’s thesis compares the differences of Finnish and Swedish electricity production and clarifies which electricity mix is cleaner. In addition, the network and markets in the Nordic countries will be introduced. Bachelor’s thesis also explains shortly different electricity production methods and emissions caused by them. Geographically Finland and Sweden are very identical, however, there are many differences in their power generation. Finland utilize a plenty amount of imported electricity. A large part of imported electricity comes from Sweden, because Sweden generates electricity beyond its needs. Sweden produces more electricity from renewable energy than Finland. Also, emissions from power generation in Sweden are lower than in Finland. Future plans with electricity production are different since Sweden is eliminating the use of nuclear energy, but Finland is increasing it. Both countries aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Sähköntuotantoon liittyvät ympäristövaikutukset : vertailu Suomen ja Ruotsin välillä. Tiivistelmä. Ilmastoasiat ovat olleet viime aikoina paljon esillä. Etenkin päästöihin pyritään kiinnittämään huomiota entistä enemmän, koska ne vaikuttavat ilmastonmuutokseen. Sähköntuotanto aiheuttaa paljon päästöjä, joten ympäristön kannalta olisi hyvä siirtyä puhtaisiin tuotantomenetelmiin. Mikään menetelmä ei kuitenkaan ole täysin päästötön, mutta päästöt ovat vähäisiä osassa tuotantomuodoista. Näitä ovat esimerkiksi tuulen ja auringon kautta tuotettu sähkö, sekä ydinenergia. Fossiiliset luonnonvarat loppuvat myös ajallaan, joten sähköntuotannon olisi hyvä olla mahdollisimman uusiutuvaa, kuten esimerkiksi tuuli-, aurinko- ja bioenergialla tuotettu sähkö. Sähköä tuotetaan samaan aikaan kuin sitä käytetään. Tämän takia sähköntuotannon on vastattava sen hetkistä kulutusta. Osa sähköntuotannon menetelmistä riippuu paljolti säästä, eikä siksi ole aina saatavilla. Sähköntuotantoa ja -kulutusta pidetään tasapainossa säätövoiman avulla, näitä ovat esimerkiksi vesivoima ja tuontisähkö. Niillä voidaan reagoida nopeasti muuttuvaan sähköntarpeeseen. Pistorasiasta tuleva sähkö on siis sekasähköä, joka sisältää eri menetelmin tuotettua sähköä. Pohjoismaissa, kuten Suomessa ja Ruotsissa, talvi ovat pitkä ja kylmä, joten sähköntuotannossa on omat haasteensa. Tässä kandidaatin työssä vertaillaan Suomen ja Ruotsin välisiä eroja sähköntuotannossa, sekä selvitetään, kumman sähkö on puhtaampaa. Lisäksi tutustutaan sähköverkkoihin ja -markkinoihin pohjoismaissa. Kandidaatin työ käsittelee myös lyhyesti erilaisia sähköntuotanto menetelmiä, sekä niiden aiheuttamia päästöjä. Maantieteellisesti Suomi ja Ruotsi ovat hyvin samanlaisia, mutta sähköntuotannossa on paljon eroja. Suomessa käytetään paljon tuontisähköä. Tuontisähköstä iso osa tulee Ruotsista, koska Ruotsi tuottaa sähköä yli tarpeidensa. Ruotsissa tuotetaan sähköä enemmän uusiutuvasta energiasta kuin suomessa. Lisäksi, Ruotsin sähköntuotannon päästöt ovat alhaisempia kuin Suomen. Tulevaisuuden Ruotsi on irrottautumasta ydinenergian käytöstä, mutta suomessa sitä ollaan lisäämässä. Molemmat maat pyrkivät vähentämään kasvihuonekaasuja

Le imprese femminili in Italia: i risultati di un'indagine esplorativa

Entrepreneurship has usually been considered a male-dominated activity. In 2012, however, 224mout of 400mentrepreneurs worldwide were women (GEM 2012).Female entrepreneurship therefore clearly represents an important component of the business sector at global level. To date, however, the scope of research on such a relevant topic is still confined to the US and Anglo-Saxon countries. Also, academic research on Italian female entrepreneurship is very limited, despite Italy has the highest number of female-owned firms in Europe (Eurostat, 2013). This paper thus contributes to fill this research gap by investigating the characteristics, the main problems and motivations of 310 Italian female-owned firms

Normal form decomposition for Gaussian-to-Gaussian superoperators

In this paper we explore the set of linear maps sending the set of quantum Gaussian states into itself. These maps are in general not positive, a feature which can be exploited as a test to check whether a given quantum state belongs to the convex hull of Gaussian states (if one of the considered maps sends it into a non positive operator, the above state is certified not to belong to the set). Generalizing a result known to be valid under the assumption of complete positivity, we provide a characterization of these Gaussian-to-Gaussian (not necessarily positive) superoperators in terms of their action on the characteristic function of the inputs. For the special case of one-mode mappings we also show that any Gaussian-to-Gaussian superoperator can be expressed as a concatenation of a phase-space dilatation, followed by the action of a completely positive Gaussian channel, possibly composed with a transposition. While a similar decomposition is shown to fail in the multi-mode scenario, we prove that it still holds at least under the further hypothesis of homogeneous action on the covariance matrix

The social psychology of collective victimhood

Collective victimhood, which results from the experience of being targeted as members of a group, has powerful effects on individuals and groups. The focus of this Special Issue is on how people respond to collective victimhood and how these responses shape intergroup relations. We introduce the Special Issue with an overview of emerging social psychological research on collective victimhood. To date, this research has focused mostly on destructive versus positive consequences of collective victimhood for relations with an adversary group, and examined victim groups' needs, victim beliefs, and underlying social identity and categorization processes. We identify several neglected factors in this literature, some of which are addressed by the empirical contributions in the current issue. The Special Issue offers novel perspectives on collective victimhood, presenting findings based on a diverse range of methods with mostly community samples that have direct and vicarious experiences of collective harm in different countries

Atmospheric neutrino spectrum reconstruction with JUNO

The atmospheric neutrino flux represents a continuous source that can be exploited to infer properties about Cosmic Rays and neutrino oscillation physics. The JUNO observatory, a 20 kt liquid scintillator currently under construction in China, will be able to detect atmospheric neutrinos , given the large fiducial volume and the excellent energy resolution. The light produced in neutrino interactions will be collected by a double-system of photosensors: about 18.000 20" PMTs and about 25.000 3" PMTs. The rock overburden above the experimental hall is around 700 m and the experiment is expected to complete construction in 2021. In this study, the JUNO performances in reconstructing the atmospheric neutrino spectrum have been evaluated. The different time evolution of scintillation light on the PMTs allows to discriminate the flavor of the primary neutrinos. To reconstruct the time pattern of events, the signals from 3" PMTs only have been used, because of the small time resolution. A probabilistic unfolding method has been used, in order to infer the primary neutrino energy spectrum by looking at the detector output. The simulated spectrum has been reconstructed between 100 MeV and 10 GeV, showing a great potential of the detector in the atmospheric low energy region. The uncertainties on the final flux, including both statistic and the systematic contributions, range between 10% and 25%, with the best performances obtained at the GeV.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures. Proceeding for a parallel talk at the 2019 EPS-HEP Conference. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1901.1034

Measuring degree-degree association in networks

The Pearson correlation coefficient is commonly used for quantifying the global level of degree-degree association in complex networks. Here, we use a probabilistic representation of the underlying network structure for assessing the applicability of different association measures to heavy-tailed degree distributions. Theoretical arguments together with our numerical study indicate that Pearson's coefficient often depends on the size of networks with equal association structure, impeding a systematic comparison of real-world networks. In contrast, Kendall-Gibbons' $\tau_{b}$ is a considerably more robust measure of the degree-degree association