4 research outputs found
Estudi del comportament de les nanopartÃcules de plata en sòls agrÃcoles
En aquest treball, s'han dut a terme estudis d'adsorció en discontinu i tests de lixiviació per a entendre els processos d'adsorció/desorció de les nanopartÃcules de plata (AgNP) en els sòls. S'ha observat que les AgNP presenten una retenció rà pida i una mobilitat baixa en els sòls i tenen un paper important la capacitat d'intercanvi catiònic i la conductivitat elèctrica del sòl, aixà com la cà rrega superficial i la mida de les AgNP. Tres setmanes després d'estar en contacte amb el sòl, la majoria de les AgNP mantenen la seva nanoforma. L'aplicació de l'extracció en punt de núvol (cloud-point extraction) permet caracteritzar acuradament les AgNP en mostres que contenen plata iònica.In this paper, batch adsorption studies and leaching tests have been performed to understand silver nanoparticle (AgNP) adsorption/desorption processes in soils. AgNPs show fast retention and low mobility in soils, with an important role being played by the cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity of soils as well as by the surface charge and size of AgNPs. After three weeks of contact with soils, most AgNPs retain their nanoform. The application of cloud-point extraction allows an accurate AgNP characterization in samples containing ionic silver
Analytical methodologies based on X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Inductively Couple Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP) for the assessment of metal dispersal around mining environments
La investigació que es presenta en aquesta tesi es centra en l'aplicació i millora de metodologies analÃtiques existents i el desenvolupament de nous procediments que poden ser utilitzats per a l'estudi dels efectes ambientals de la dispersió dels metalls entorn a les zones mineres abandonades.En primer lloc, es van aplicar diferents procediments d'extracció simple i seqüencial per a estudiar la mobilitat, perillositat i bio-disponibilitat dels metalls continguts en residus miners de caracterÃstiques diferents. Per altra banda, per a estudiar les fonts potencials de Pb en la vegetació de les zones mineres d'estudi, una metodologia basada en la utilització de les relacions isotòpiques de Pb determinades mitjançant ICP-MS va ser avaluada. Finalment, tenint en compte l'elevat nombre de mostres analitzades per a avaluar l'impacte de les activitats mineres, es va considerar apropiat el desenvolupament de mètodes analÃtics d'elevada productivitat. En aquest sentit la implementació d'estratègies quantitatives aixà com l'aplicació de les millores instrumentals en els equips de XRF han estat avaluades per a aconseguir resultats analÃtics fiables en l'anà lisi de plantes. A més, alguns parà metres de qualitat com la precisió, l'exactitud i els lÃmits de detecció han estat curosament determinats en les diverses configuracions de espectròmetres de XRF utilitzats en el decurs d'aquest treball (EDXRF, WDXRF i EDPXRF) per a establir la capacitat de la tècnica de XRF com a tècnica alternativa a les clà ssiques comunament aplicades en la determinació d'elements en mostres vegetals.The research presented in this thesis is based on the application and improvement of analytical existing methodologies and the development of novel procedures that can be used to assess the environmental effects on metal dispersal around abandoned mining activities. On the one hand, single and sequential extraction procedures were properly applied in order to study the potential mobility, risk and bioavailability of the metals contained in several mining wastes of different features. On the other hand, in an attempt to study the potential sources of the anomalous lead content in vegetation specimens growing on the waste and soils of abandoned mining areas, a methodology based on the use of stable lead isotope ratios using ICP-MS instrumentation was evaluated.Finally, in view of the considerable number of vegetation specimen analysis necessary to assess the impact of mining activities, the study of high productivity analytical methods for metal determination in this kind of matrices was considered appropriate. In this sense, the implementation of suitable quantitative strategies and the recent improvements in the XRF instrumentation have been evaluated to achieve reliable analytical results for plant analysis. Besides, analytical figures of merit such as precision, accuracy and limits of detection have been carefully determined in the diverse configurations of XRF spectrometers employed in the course of this work (EDXRF, WDXRF, EDPXRF) using different excitation sources in order to assess the capability of XRF as an alternative analytical tool to classical destructive methodologies, commonly applied for the determination of elements in vegetation matrices
Aplicación de la técnica de espectrometrÃa de fluorescencia de rayos-X en el estudio de la dispersión de metales en áreas mineras
One critical factor for success in characterizing metals polluting mining environments so as to be able to eliminate them and subsequently recover these areas depends upon a speedy and correct response in the analysis of samples. Rapid, simultaneous, multi-element analysis can be undertaken using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, a versatile, non-destructive analytical technique commonly employed to identify both major and minor elements in samples related to environmental studies. An additional advantage of this technique is the possibility of conducting the analysis directly on solid samples, which is extremely convenient when dealing with environmental samples that are difficult to dissolve, such as soils, sediments and mining wastes. Moreover, in recent years the development of spectrometers equipped with digital-signal processors combined with enlarged X-ray production, using better designs for excitation-detection, has contributed to an improvement in instrumental sensitivity, thus allowing us to detect important polluting elements such as Cd and Pb at trace levels. In this paper the authors describe, on the basis of their own experience, some interesting applications of XRF spectrometry for the analysis of several types of environmental samples related to the study of the dispersion of metals within mining environments: (A) analysis of mining wastes, soils and sediments; (B) analysis of samples of vegetation used as bioindicators or related to phytoremediation studies; and (C) analysis of water samples related to mining operationsUno de los factores crÃticos para el éxito de la caracterización, eliminación y recuperación de zonas contaminadas por metales debido a actividades mineras es la respuesta rápida y adecuada en el análisis de las muestras relacionadas con este tipo de estudios. El análisis rápido, simultáneo y multielemental se puede realizar utilizando la espectrometrÃa de fluorescencia de rayos-X, que es una técnica versátil, de análisis no destructivo y de uso común para la determinación de elementos mayoritarios y minoritarios en muestras ambientales. Una ventaja adicional de esta técnica es la posibilidad de realizar el análisis directamente en las muestras sólidas, lo cual es muy conveniente cuando se trata de muestras ambientales difÃciles de disolver tales como suelos, sedimentos y residuos mineros. Por otra parte, en los últimos años, el desarrollo de equipos con procesadores de señales digitales con la combinación de mejores diseños de excitacióndetección ha promovido la mejora de la sensibilidad instrumental de los equipos que ha permitido la determinación de algunos contaminantes importantes como el Cd y el Pb a niveles traza. En la presente contribución y en base a la experiencia propia de los autores, se presentan algunas aplicaciones interesantes de metodologÃas analÃticas, centradas en el uso de la espectrometrÃa de fluorescencia de rayos-X, para la determinación elemental en diferentes tipos de muestras ambientales relacionadas con el estudio de la dispersión de metales en zonas mineras abandonadas: (A) análisis de residuos, suelos y sedimentos, (B) análisis de muestras vegetales utilizadas como bioindicadores o en estudios de fitorremediación y (C) análisis de muestras acuosas relacionadas con actividades minera
Bromine and bromide content in soils: Analytical approach from total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
Monitoring total bromine and bromide concentrations in soils is significant in many environmental studies. Thus fast analytical methodologies that entail simple sample preparation and low-cost analyses are desired. In the present work, the possibilities and drawbacks of low-power total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) for the determination of total bromine and bromide contents in soils were evaluated. The direct analysis of a solid suspension using 20 mg of fine ground soil (<63 μm) gave a 3.7 mg kg−1 limit of detection for bromine which, in most cases, was suitable for monitoring total bromine content in soils (Br content range in soils = 5-40 mg kg−1). Information about bromide determination in soils is also possible by analyzing the Br content in water soil extracts. In this case, the TXRF analysis can be directly performed by depositing 10 μL of the internal standardized soil extract sample on a quartz glass reflector in a measuring time of 1500 s. The bromide limit of detection by this approach was 10 μg L−1. Good agreement was obtained between the TXRF results for the total bromine and bromide determinations in soils and those obtained by other popular analytical techniques, e.g. energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (total bromine) and ionic chromatography (bromide). As a study case, the TXRF method was applied to study bromine accumulation in two agricultural soils fumigated with a methyl bromide pesticide and irrigated with regenerated waste water