Emily Dickinson and the Vitality of Words: A Exercise in Philology

An article prepared at the request of Kang Yanbin for the Jinan Journal of Foreign Languages

How Does The Use of Read Alouds By Two Fourth-Grade Teachers Effect Their Students\u27 Independent Reading Choices?

The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of read alouds in the classroom could introduce students to books in ways that would generate interest in an author, topic, or genre which would then enable the students to more easily find choices for independent reading books and increase their independent reading. During the course of this study, the research question, How does the use of read alouds by two fourth-grade teachers effect their students\u27 independent reading choices?\u27\u27 was addressed. By understanding how read alouds can effect a student\u27s independent reading choices, it will enable me, and other teachers, to develop read alouds that are engaging for the students and which will generate student interest in not only the read aloud, but in choosing books for independent reading that they might not have previously chosen

To Seek The Good, the True, and Beautiful: White, Greek-Letter Sororities in the U.S. South and the Shaping of American \u27Ladyhood,\u27 1915--1975

This dissertation examines the role of white, Greek-letter sororities in the creation and enforcement of standards for white women\u27s behavior during the twentieth century. While sororities at white, southern universities first served as supportive networks for the few female students on newly coeducational university campuses, I argue that they transformed into spaces that promoted heterosocial activities and enforced members\u27 heteronormativity through lessons of \u27ladyhood and required attendance at fraternity parties and participation in heterosexual dating. as a means to guarantee their popularity among students on their respective campuses, sorority chapters sought the attention of the campuses\u27 fraternity elite. This national emphasis on chapters to maintain or gain status through relationships with men\u27s fraternities shifted the focus of sororities from supportive systems for women students to that of organizations, which functioned in support of, and ancillary to, the male-centered university\u27s culture of masculinity. Consequently, the groups\u27 realignment of purpose taught women to interpret their social value in terms of their relation to, and acceptance by, men. With a focus on sorority chapters at southern universities, this work brings attention to the understudied subject of southern women\u27s higher education in this period and part played by institutions of higher education in maintaining conventional gender norms for white, southern women. to many deans of women, university administrators, and parents of young women, sororities seemed to provide positive lessons such as social skills and citizenship training. Yet, I argue, white college sororities\u27 educational programs fostered elitism, encouraged, discriminatory behavior, and required group conformity, all while the national organizations made claims that they were training women to become good citizens. I examine the functions of these groups at both the regional and national level, to show the common mission of these national organizations in defining, through their membership, the acceptable United States citizenry as white, middle to upper class, and, for the most part, Protestant. By placing the story of white, college sororities in an historical contest, this dissertation demonstrates how the organizations\u27 relationship with college campuses, university administrators, and non-Greek-letter (independent) students changed over the course of the twentieth century. Not only a story of Greek-letter groups, this work examines the changing nature of student cultures on university campuses over this period and how those shifts reflected transformations in American society beyond the campus

Molecular signatures distinguish human central memory from effector memory CD8 T cell subsets

Abstract Memory T cells are heterogeneous in terms of their phenotype and functional properties. We investigated the molecular profiles of human CD8 naive central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM), and effector memory RA (TEMRA) T cells using gene expression microarrays and phospho-protein-specific intracellular flow cytometry. We demonstrate that TCM have a gene expression and cytokine signaling signature that lies between that of naive and TEM or TEMRA cells, whereas TEM and TEMRA are closely related. Our data define the molecular basis for the different functional properties of central and effector memory subsets. We show that TEM and TEMRA cells strongly express genes with known importance in CD8 T cell effector function. In contrast, TCM are characterized by high basal and cytokine-induced STAT5 phosphorylation, reflecting their capacity for self-renewal. Altogether, our results distinguish TCM and TEM/TEMRA at the molecular level and are consistent with the concept that TCM represent memory stem cells.</jats:p

Human naive CD8 T cells down-regulate expression of the WNT pathway transcription factors lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 and transcription factor 7 (T cell factor-1) following antigen encounter in vitro and in vivo

Abstract The transcription factors lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1) and transcription factor 7 (TCF7) (T cell factor-1 (TCF-1)) are downstream effectors of the WNT signaling pathway, which is a critical regulator of T cell development in the thymus. In this study, we show that LEF1 and TCF7 (TCF-1) are not only expressed in thymocytes, but also in mature T cells. Our data demonstrate that Ag encounter in vivo and engagement of the TCR or IL-15 receptor in vitro leads to the down-regulation of LEF1 and TCF7 (TCF-1) expression in human naive CD8 T cells. We further show that resting T cells preferentially express inhibitory LEF1 and TCF7 (TCF-1) isoforms and that T cell activation changes the isoform balance in favor of stimulatory TCF7 (TCF-1) isoforms. Altogether, our study suggests that proteins involved in the WNT signaling pathway not only regulate T cell development, but also peripheral T cell differentiation.</jats:p

Investigation into background levels of small organic samples at the NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory

Recent progress in preparation/combustion of submilligram organic samples at our laboratories is presented. Routine methods had to be modified/refined to achieve acceptable and consistent procedural blanks for organic samples smaller than 1000 g C. A description of the process leading to a modified combustion method for smaller organic samples is given in detail. In addition to analyzing different background materials, the influence of different chemical reagents on the overall radiocarbon background level was investigated, such as carbon contamination arising from copper oxide of different purities and from different suppliers. Using the modified combustion method, small amounts of background materials and known-age standard IAEA-C5 were individually combusted to CO2. Below 1000 g C, organic background levels follow an inverse mass dependency when combusted with the modified method, increasing from 0.13 0.05 pMC up to 1.20 0.04 pMC for 80 g C. Results for a given carbon mass were lower for combustion of etched Iceland spar calcite mineral, indicating that part of the observed background of bituminous coal was probably introduced by handling the material in atmosphere prior to combustion. Using the modified combustion method, the background-corrected activity of IAEA-C5 agreed to within 2 s of the consensus value of 23.05 pMC down to a sample mass of 55 g C

Progress in AMS target production in sub-milligram samples at the NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory

. Recent progress in graphite target production for sub-milligram environmental samples in our facility is presented. We describe an optimized hydrolysis procedure now routinely used for the preparation of CO2 from inorganic samples, a new high-vacuum line dedicated to small sample processing (combining sample distillation and graphitization units), as well as a modified graphitization procedure. Although measurements of graphite targets as small as 35 µg C have been achieved, system background and measurement uncertainties increase significantly below 150 µg C. As target lifetime can become critically short for targets &lt;150 µg C, the facility currently only processes inorganic samples down to 150 µg C. All radiocarbon measurements are made at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility. Sample processing and analysis are labor-intensive, taking approximately 3 times longer than samples ≥500 µg C. The technical details of the new system, graphitization yield, fractionation introduced during the process, and the system blank are discussed in detail

The Poem as Icon: A Study in Aesthetic Cognition

Poetry is the most complex and intricate of human language used across all languages and cultures. Its relation to the worlds of human experience has perplexed writers and readers for centuries, as has the question of evaluation and judgment: what makes a poem "work" and endure. The Poem as Icon focuses on the art of poetry to explore its nature and function: not interpretation but experience; not what poetry means but what it does. Using both historic and contemporary approaches of embodied cognition from various disciplines, Margaret Freeman argues that a poem's success lies in its ability to become an icon of the felt "being" of reality. Freeman explains how the features of semblance, metaphor, schema, and affect work to make a poem an icon, with detailed examples from various poets. By analyzing the ways poetry provides insights into the workings of human cognition, Freeman claims that taste, beauty, and pleasure in the arts are simply products of the aesthetic faculty, and not the aesthetic faculty itself. The aesthetic faculty, she argues, should be understood as the science of human perception, and therefore constitutive of the cognitive processes of attention, imagination, memory, discrimination, expertise, and judgment

Australia’s systems of primary healthcare: The need for improved coordination and implications for Medicare Locals

Copyright © 2011 Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Published version of the paper reproduced here with permission from the publisher.Background In Australia, primary healthcare is largely delivered through two parallel systems: Medicare supported primary care delivered by fee-for-service general practitioners, and state funded and managed community health services. Methods Semistructured interviews with 18 GPs to investigate the current links between GPs and local primary healthcare providers. Results Barriers to links include: communication and information, access and availability of services, GP lack of awareness and understanding of services provided in the state funded sector, and lack of time to gain information. Discussion General practitioners reported dealing with more complex and challenging patients. However, this did not appear to increase their likelihood of engaging with state funded primary healthcare services in case management. Medicare Locals are a once-in-a-generation chance to establish a genuinely coordinated and multidisciplinary primary healthcare sector. To be successful, Medicare Locals will need to bring together two parallel systems of care and improve integration and coordination