Thermodynamics of Mixing Water with Dimethyl Sulfoxide, as Seen from Computer Simulations

The Helmholtz free energy, energy, and entropy of mixing of eight different models of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with four widely used water models are calculated at 298 K over the entire composition range by means of thermodynamic integration along a suitably chosen thermodynamic path, and compared with experimental data. All 32 model combinations considered are able to reproduce the experimental values rather well, within RT (free energy and energy) and R (entropy) at any composition, and quite often the deviation from the experimental data is even smaller, being in the order of the uncertainty of the calculated free energy or energy, and entropy values of 0.1 kJ/mol and 0.1 J/(mol K), respectively. On the other hand, none of the model combinations considered can accurately reproduce all three experimental functions simultaneously. Furthermore, the fact that the entropy of mixing changes sign with increasing DMSO mole fraction is only reproduced by a handful of model pairs. Model combinations that (i) give the best reproduction of the experimental free energy, while still reasonably well reproducing the experimental energy and entropy of mixing, and (ii) that give the best reproduction of the experimental energy and entropy, while still reasonably well reproducing the experimental free energy of mixing, are identified

Local structure of dilute aqueous DMSO solutions, as seen from molecular dynamics simulations

The information about the structure of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-water mixtures at relatively low DMSO mole fractions is an important step in order to understand their cryoprotective properties as well as the solvation process of proteins and amino acids. Classical MD simulations, using the potential model combination that best reproduces the free energy of mixing of these compounds, are used to analyze the local structure of DMSO-water mixtures at DMSO mole fractions below 0.2. Significant changes in the local structure of DMSO are observed around the DMSO mole fraction of 0.1. The array of evidence, based on the cluster and the metric and topological parameters of the Voronoi polyhedra distributions, indicates that these changes are associated with the simultaneous increase of the number of DMSO-water and decrease of water-water hydrogen bonds with increasing DMSO concentration. The inversion between the dominance of these two types of H-bonds occurs around X-DMSO = 0.1, above which the DMSO-DMSO interactions also start playing an important role. In other words, below the DMSO mole fraction of 0.1, DMSO molecules are mainly solvated by water molecules, while above it, their solvation shell consists of a mixture of water and DMSO. The trigonal, tetrahedral, and trigonal bipyramidal distributions of water shift to lower corresponding order parameter values indicating the loosening of these orientations. Adding DMSO does not affect the hydrogen bonding between a reference water molecule and its first neighbor hydrogen bonded water molecules, while it increases the bent hydrogen bond geometry involving the second ones. The close-packed local structure of the third, fourth, and fifth water neighbors also is reinforced. In accordance with previous theoretical and experimental data, the hydrogen bonding between water and the first, the second, and the third DMSO neighbors is stronger than that with its corresponding water neighbors. At a given DMSO mole fraction, the behavior of the intensity of the high orientational order parameter values indicates that water molecules are more ordered in the vicinity of the hydrophilic group while their structure is close-packed near the hydrophobic group of DMSO. Published by AIP Publishing

Local Structure in Terms of Nearest-Neighbor Approach in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids: MD Simulations

Description of the local microscopic structure in ionic liquids (ILs) is a prerequisite to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the influence of the nature of ions on the properties of ILs. The local structure is mainly determined by the spatial arrangement of the nearest neighboring ions. Therefore, the main interaction patterns in ILs, such as cation–anion H-bond-like motifs, cation–cation alkyl tail aggregation, and ring stacking, were considered within the framework of the nearest-neighbor approach with respect to each particular interaction site. We employed classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study in detail the spatial, radial, and orientational relative distribution of ions in a set of imidazolium-based ILs, in which the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (C₄mim⁺) cation is coupled with the acetate (OAc^–), chloride (Cl^–), tetrafluoroborate (BF₄^–), hexafluorophosphate (PF₆^–), trifluoromethanesulfonate (TfO^–), or bis­(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)­amide (TFSA^–) anion. It was established that several structural properties are strongly anion-specific, while some can be treated as universally applicable to ILs, regardless of the nature of the anion. Namely, strongly basic anions, such as OAc^– and Cl^–, prefer to be located in the imidazolium ring plane next to the C–H^2/4–5 sites. By contrast, the other four bulky and weakly coordinating anions tend to occupy positions above/below the plane. Similarly, the H-bond-like interactions involving the H² site are found to be particularly enhanced in comparison with the ones at H^4–5 in the case of asymmetric and/or more basic anions (C₄mimOAc, C₄mimCl, C₄mimTfO, and C₄mimTFSA), in accordance with recent spectroscopic and theoretical findings. Other IL-specific details related to the multiple H-bond-like binding and cation stacking issues are also discussed in this paper. The secondary H-bonding of anions with the alkyl hydrogen atoms of cations as well as the cation–cation alkyl chain aggregation turned out to be poorly sensitive to the nature of the anion

Structure et dynamique microscopiques dans les mélanges de liquides ioniques à base d’imidazolium et de solvants polaires aprotiques : RMN, spectroscopie Raman et modélisation moléculaire

This thesis presents a multi-technique approach for analysis of the structure and dynamics in the mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+) cation coupled with perfluorinated anions (BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, (CF3SO2)2N−), on one side, and polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (AN), ), γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), and propylene carbonate (PC), on the other side. Raman spectroscopy and NMR chemical shift measurements were used to probe changes of electronic density at specific interaction sites of ILs and solvent molecules as a function of mixture composition. Quantum-chemical calculations of the representative configurations were performed to complement the interpenetration of spectral observations. Important changes in the structure and dynamics are observed only at low IL content (xIL<0.2). It was established that ion solvation phenomena prevail over those of ion association for the solvents of high donicity (γ-BL, PC) and for ILs whose anions are bulky and have diffusive charge distribution (PF6−, (CF3SO2)2N−). The relative diffusion coefficients of solvent molecules to cations as a function of concentration depend on the nature of the solvent but not on the anion. In all cases these relative coefficients exhibit constant values at low IL content (xLI<0.2) and then increase steeply (AN), moderately (γ-BL) or negligibly (PC) at high IL concentrations. In BmimPF6-based systems anionic diffusivities were followed via RMN of 31P nuclei.Cette thèse présente une approche multi-technique pour l’analyse de la structure et la dynamique de mélanges d’une part de liquides ioniques (LIs) à base du cation 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium (Bmim+) couplés à des anions perfluorés (BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, (CF3SO2)2N−), et d’autre part de solvants aprotiques polaires tels que l'acétonitrile (AN), la γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), le carbonate de propylène (PC). La spectroscopie Raman et la RMN (mesures de déplacements chimiques) ont été utilisées pour sonder les changements de densité électronique au niveau des sites d'interactions spécifiques des LIs et des molécules de solvant en fonction de la composition du mélange. Des calculs de chimie quantique de configurations représentatives ont été réalisés pour compléter l'interprétation des observations spectrales. Des changements importants dans la structure de la solution ont été observés uniquement à faible teneur en LI (xLI <0,2). Il a été établi que les phénomènes de solvatation des ions l’emportent sur l'association ionique pour les solvants à haute donicité (γ-BL, PC) et pour les LIs dont les anions sont volumineux et ont une distribution de charge diffuse (PF6−, (CF3SO2)2N−). Les coefficients de diffusions relatives des molécules de solvant par rapport aux cations en fonction de la concentration dépendent de la nature du solvant et non de celle de l’anion. Dans tous les cas, ces coefficients présentent des valeurs constantes à faible teneur en LI (xLI<0,2), puis croissant fortement (AN), modérément (γ-BL), ou négligeablement (PC) à des concentrations plus élevées de LI. Dans les systèmes à base de BmimPF6, la diffusion des anions a été suivie par la RMN des noyaux 31P

Microscopic structure and dynamics in mixtures of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with polar aprotic solvents : NMR, Raman spectroscopy and molecular modeling

Cette thèse présente une approche multi-technique pour l’analyse de la structure et la dynamique de mélanges d’une part de liquides ioniques (LIs) à base du cation 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium (Bmim+) couplés à des anions perfluorés (BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, (CF3SO2)2N−), et d’autre part de solvants aprotiques polaires tels que l'acétonitrile (AN), la γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), le carbonate de propylène (PC). La spectroscopie Raman et la RMN (mesures de déplacements chimiques) ont été utilisées pour sonder les changements de densité électronique au niveau des sites d'interactions spécifiques des LIs et des molécules de solvant en fonction de la composition du mélange. Des calculs de chimie quantique de configurations représentatives ont été réalisés pour compléter l'interprétation des observations spectrales. Des changements importants dans la structure de la solution ont été observés uniquement à faible teneur en LI (xLI <0,2). Il a été établi que les phénomènes de solvatation des ions l’emportent sur l'association ionique pour les solvants à haute donicité (γ-BL, PC) et pour les LIs dont les anions sont volumineux et ont une distribution de charge diffuse (PF6−, (CF3SO2)2N−). Les coefficients de diffusions relatives des molécules de solvant par rapport aux cations en fonction de la concentration dépendent de la nature du solvant et non de celle de l’anion. Dans tous les cas, ces coefficients présentent des valeurs constantes à faible teneur en LI (xLI<0,2), puis croissant fortement (AN), modérément (γ-BL), ou négligeablement (PC) à des concentrations plus élevées de LI. Dans les systèmes à base de BmimPF6, la diffusion des anions a été suivie par la RMN des noyaux 31P.This thesis presents a multi-technique approach for analysis of the structure and dynamics in the mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+) cation coupled with perfluorinated anions (BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, (CF3SO2)2N−), on one side, and polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (AN), ), γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), and propylene carbonate (PC), on the other side. Raman spectroscopy and NMR chemical shift measurements were used to probe changes of electronic density at specific interaction sites of ILs and solvent molecules as a function of mixture composition. Quantum-chemical calculations of the representative configurations were performed to complement the interpenetration of spectral observations. Important changes in the structure and dynamics are observed only at low IL content (xIL<0.2). It was established that ion solvation phenomena prevail over those of ion association for the solvents of high donicity (γ-BL, PC) and for ILs whose anions are bulky and have diffusive charge distribution (PF6−, (CF3SO2)2N−). The relative diffusion coefficients of solvent molecules to cations as a function of concentration depend on the nature of the solvent but not on the anion. In all cases these relative coefficients exhibit constant values at low IL content (xLI<0.2) and then increase steeply (AN), moderately (γ-BL) or negligibly (PC) at high IL concentrations. In BmimPF6-based systems anionic diffusivities were followed via RMN of 31P nuclei

ATR-IR spectroscopic observation on intermolecular interactions in mixtures of imidazolium-based ionic liquids C_nmimTFSA (<i>n</i> = 2–12) with DMSO

International audienceThe intermolecular interactions in mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (CnmimTFSA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been elucidated by measurements of refractive indexes, densities, and ATR-IR spectra as a function of the alky chain length (n = 2–12) of Cnmim+ and DMSO molar fraction xDMSO. The excess quantities of refractive indexes and molar volumes showed that in all CnmimTFSA + DMSO systems the packing of IL and DMSO is the loosest around 1:3 molar ratio of IL to DMSO. However, the significant alkyl chain dependence was not observed in both quantities. This suggests that the hydrogen bonding of the three imidazolium hydrogen atoms with DMSO molecules mainly contributes to the loose packing. From the ATR-IR spectra measured for CnmimTFSA + DMSO mixtures, the excess molar absorbance in the wavenumber ranges of the imidazolium ring C[sbnd]H vibrations and the S[dbnd]O vibrations of TFSA− anion and DMSO was depicted as a function of DMSO content. The excess molar absorbance of the C[sbnd]H vibrations revealed that the three imidazolium C2,4,5[sbnd]H sites, particularly the C2[sbnd]H, are progressively hydrogen-bonded with DMSO as the molar fraction increases to xDMSO ≈ 0.6. The S[dbnd]O vibrations of TFSA− anion suggested that TFSA− anions are eliminated from the imidazolium rings with increasing xDMSO to the same. Hence, TFSA− anions are replaced by DMSO around the imidazolium rings with increasing DMSO content. However, the hydrogen bonding between them is not significantly influenced by the cation's alkyl chain. The partial molar absorbance of the S[dbnd]O vibrations of DMSO showed that DMSO molecules self-aggregate in the mixtures above xDMSO ≈ 0.6. However, the aggregation of DMSO molecules may be suppressed with the longer alkyl chain of Cnmim+

Assessment of the UCST-type liquid–liquid phase separation mechanism of imidazolium-based ionic liquid, [C 8 mim][TFSI], and 1,4-dioxane by SANS, NMR, IR, and MD simulations

International audienceUCST-type phase separation of binary solutions of [C n mim][TFSI]–1,4-DIO