Restructuring enterprises in Poland in the transition period in 1989-1998

Privatisation in Poland began with the adoption of the Act on the Privatisation of State-Owned Enterprises in 1990 which defines the legal and institutional framework for the privatisation Polish enterprises. Privatisation can be initiated by the management and workers’ council, by the ministry in charge of a company in agreement with the management and workers’ council, or at the request of the prime minister following advise from the Ministry of Privatisation. Privatisation can be achieved by one of two basic methods: indirect and direct privatisation

Transformation in Polish sea ports

Polish ports managed to pass apparently without any harm the period of economic transformation. Even at the earliest stage of economic recession, when flow of cargo from Polish exporters was cut down and simultaneously, dynamic development of private shipping business appeared as a new market power, the port activity was not seriously affected. The port managers efficiently used the time of economic transformation to execute the profound reorganization of the ports’ structure. In the Port of Gdansk employee-owned joint stock companies were established. The Szczecin - Swinoujscie Port was divided into several independent companies and Gdynia Port was turned into a holding. The other important steps towards new economic deal were development of the marketing and adaptation of the port structures to free-market economy environment

Transformation in Polish sea ports

Polish ports managed to pass apparently without any harm the period of economic transformation. Even at the earliest stage of economic recession, when flow of cargo from Polish exporters was cut down and simultaneously, dynamic development of private shipping business appeared as a new market power, the port activity was not seriously affected. The port managers efficiently used the time of economic transformation to execute the profound reorganization of the ports’ structure. In the Port of Gdansk employee-owned joint stock companies were established. The Szczecin - Swinoujscie Port was divided into several independent companies and Gdynia Port was turned into a holding. The other important steps towards new economic deal were development of the marketing and adaptation of the port structures to free-market economy environment

Strategie innowacyjne w zrównoważonym rozwoju państw w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego. Studium przypadku - model szwedzki

The article presents the results of the research made by Baltic Sea Region Observato­ry. In high innovative societies an extra focus is put on the cooperation in clusters that connect industry, economy self-governments, universities, research institutions and local governments. The chapter describes the usage of cooperation between the administration, science, industry and its contribution to sustained development in Sweden. This model has a long-term nature and is fulfilled consequently, efficiently, effectively and economically

Restructuring enterprises in Poland in the transition period in 1989-1998

Privatisation in Poland began with the adoption of the Act on the Privatisation of State-Owned Enterprises in 1990 which defines the legal and institutional framework for the privatisation Polish enterprises. Privatisation can be initiated by the management and workers’ council, by the ministry in charge of a company in agreement with the management and workers’ council, or at the request of the prime minister following advise from the Ministry of Privatisation. Privatisation can be achieved by one of two basic methods: indirect and direct privatisation

Synthetic Applications of Oxidative Aromatic Coupling : From Biphenols to Nanographenes

Oxidative aromatic coupling occupies a fundamental place in the modern chemistry of aromatic compounds. It is a method of choice for the assembly of large and bewildering architectures. Considerable effort was also devoted to applications of the Scholl reaction for the synthesis of chiral biphenols and natural products. The ability to form biaryl linkages without any prefunctionalization provides an efficient pathway to many complex structures. Although the chemistry of this process is only now becoming fully understood, this reaction continues to both fascinate and challenge researchers. This is especially true for heterocoupling, that is, oxidative aromatic coupling with the chemoselective formation of a C−C bond between two different arenes. Analysis of the progress achieved in this field since 2013 reveals that many groups have contributed by pushing the boundary of structural possibilities, expanding into surface‐assisted (cyclo)dehydrogenation, and developing new reagents

Solvatofluorochromic, non-centrosymmetric π-expanded diketopyrrolopyrrole

A novel non-centrosymmetric π-expanded diketopyrrolopyrrole was designed and synthesized. Strategic placement of tert-butyl groups at the periphery of a diketopyrrolopyrrole allowed us to selectively fuse one moiety via tandem Friedel–Crafts-dehydration reactions, resulting in a non-centrosymmetric dye. The structure of the dye was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, revealing that it contains a nearly flat arrangement of four fused rings. Extensive photophysical studies of this new functional dye revealed that the intensity of its emission strongly depends on solvent polarity, which is typical for dipolar chromophores. In non-polar solvents, the fluorescence quantum yield is high whereas in polar solvents such as MeOH, it is 12%. However, upon two-photon excitation the compound behaves like a centrosymmetric dye, showing a two-photon absorption maximum at significantly shorter wavelengths than twice the wavelength of the one-photon absorption maximum

A Highly Photostable Near-Infrared Labeling Agent Based on a Phospha-rhodamine for Long-Term and Deep Imaging

AbstractVarious fluorescence microscopy techniques require bright NIR‐emitting fluorophores with high chemical and photostability. Now, the significant performance improvement of phosphorus‐substituted rhodamine dyes (PORs) upon substitution at the 9‐position with a 2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl group is reported. The thus obtained dye PREX 710 was used to stain mitochondria in living cells, which allowed long‐term and three‐color imaging in the vis‐NIR range. Moreover, the high fluorescence longevity of PREX 710 allows tracking a dye‐labeled biomolecule by single‐molecule microscopy under physiological conditions. Deep imaging of blood vessels in mice brain has also been achieved using the bright NIR‐emitting PREX 710‐dextran conjugate

Molecular foundations of chilling-tolerance of modern maize

Gene Ontology categories of GO class “Molecular Function” significantly over-represented among transcripts down-regulated by cold treatment in S50676 inbred line. (PDF 233 kb

The influence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and ABCB1 on ADP-induced platelet aggregation in clopidogrel-treated patients: A comparison between the index hospitalization for myocardial infarction and the 3-month follow-up visit

Background. Recent studies suggest that polymorphisms of genes involved in the clopidogrel metabolism may be associated with an impaired drug bioactivation and possibly with unfavourable clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of selected genetic polymorphisms on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation (ADP-PA) during the index hospitalization and after 3 months of clopidogrel therapy in patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI). Materials and methods. The study was designed as a single-center cohort trial with the 3-month follow-up. Genotyping for CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*17, ABCB1 alleles and platelet reactivity assessment using the Multiplate Analyzer were performed in 157 patients. Results. ADP-PA during the index hospitalization was significantly higher than at the 3-month follow-up visit regardless of the genotyp e [CYP2C19*1/*1 alleles (24.0 v. 15.5 U; p < 0.00001), CYP2C19*17 allele (CT: 25.0 v. 15.0 U; p = 0.000 2; TT: 35.0 v. 22.0 U; p = 0.02) and ABCB1 allele (CC: 27.0 v. 15.0 U; p < 0.0002; CT 24.0 v. 17.0 U; p < 0.0005)]. In univariate analysis we failed to demonstrate any impact of the analyzed genetic variants on both in-hospital and 3-month ADP-PA, except for CYP2C19*17/*17 homozygotes. Significantly higher values of ADP-PA were found in CYP2C19*17/*17 (TT homozygotes) allele carriers when compared with carriers of two wild alleles during the index hospitalization (CC: 20.0 U v. TT: 35.0 U; p = 0.02), but not at the 3-month follow-up visit. Multivariate regression analysis revealed increased mean platelet volume (β = 7.2), elevated platelet count (β = 0.2) and the presence of heart failure at discharge (β = 6.9), but not genetic polymorphisms, to be independent determinants of high ADP-PA during the index hospitalization. Similarly, elderly age (β = 3.3), high white blood cell count (β = 1.4), elevated platelet count (β = 0.4) and increased mean platelet volume (β = 0.1), but not genetic polymorphisms, were independently associated with the higher values of ADP-PA after 3 months of clopidogrel therapy. Conclusions. On-clopidogrel platelet reactivity significantly decreases beyond the acute phase of MI regardless of the genotype. Additionally, our study indicates that in clopidogrel-treated MI patients genetic polymorphisms are not the major determinants of the interindividual variability in platelet reactivity. However, due to a limited sample size, their minor contribution cannot be excluded