Biological effects of Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae) crude extracts and its major withanolides on Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Biological effects of Physalis peruviana crude extracts and its major withanolides (withanolide E and 4-ß-hydroxywithanolide E) were investigated on larvae and adults of the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. High concentrations of crude extracts (10000 and 35000 ppm) in larval diet caused 100% mortality while low concentration (1000 ppm) caused significative differences in larval mortality, development delay and puparia length. Withanolide E and 4-ß-hydroxywithanolide E (500 ppm) also produced significative mortality on larvae. The application of crude extracts to adults drinking vessels caused significative lethal effects at 10000 and 35000 ppm. These data indicate that P. peruviana crude extracts and its two major withanolides could be used to develop baits to control C.capitata.EEA ChubutFil: Cirigliano, A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica; ArgentinaFil: Colamarino, I. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Mareggiani, G. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Bado, Silvina Graciela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Chubut; Argentin

Effect of Drought Stress on Essential Oil Composition of Thymus vulgaris L. (Chemotype 1, 8-cineole) from wild populations of Eastern Iberian Peninsula

[EN] 1,8-cineole defines a typical chemotype of Thymus vulgaris L. in Iberian Peninsula. This compound has a wide range of potentially useful bioactive properties. In order to study the influence of drought stress in the essential oil (EO) composition of this chemotype, sixty plants from six wild populations of Eastern Iberian Peninsula were distilled and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The harvest dates (May and August) were selected in such a way that the typical summer drought in Mediterranean climates was the critical factor affecting EO composition. Despite the high intrapopulational variability, significant increases of 1,8-cineole were found after the drought period (21.8%-43.2%, in May, up to 42.6%-68.5% in August). On the other hand, individuals from one of the populations showed different profiles rich in linalool and camphor or sesquiterpenoid compounds, such as a-cadinol.Llorens Molina, JA.; Vacas González, S. (2016). Effect of Drought Stress on Essential Oil Composition of Thymus vulgaris L. (Chemotype 1, 8-cineole) from wild populations of Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 29(2):145-155. doi:10.1080/10412905.2016.1211561S14515529

Withanolides and related steroids

Since the isolation of the first withanolides in the mid-1960s, over 600 new members of this group of compounds have been described, with most from genera of the plant family Solanaceae. The basic structure of withaferin A, a C28 ergostane with a modified side chain forming a δ-lactone between carbons 22 and 26, was considered for many years the basic template for the withanolides. Nowadays, a considerable number of related structures are also considered part of the withanolide class; among them are those containing γ-lactones in the side chain that have come to be at least as common as the δ-lactones. The reduced versions (γ and δ-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania is the parent genus of the withanolides and a special section is devoted to the new structures isolated from species in this genus. Following this, all other new structures are grouped by structural types. Many withanolides have shown a variety of interesting biological activities ranging from antitumor, cytotoxic and potential cancer chemopreventive effects, to feeding deterrence for several insects as well as selective phytotoxicity towards monocotyledoneous and dicotyledoneous species. Trypanocidal, leishmanicidal, antibacterial, and antifungal activities have also been reported. A comprehensive description of the different activities and their significance has been included in this chapter. The final section is devoted to chemotaxonomic implications of withanolide distribution within the Solanaceae. Overall, this chapter covers the advances in the chemistry and biology of withanolides over the last 16 years.Fil: Misico, Rosana Isabel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (i); ArgentinaFil: Nicotra, V.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Orgánica; ArgentinaFil: Oberti, Juan Carlos María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Orgánica; ArgentinaFil: Barboza, Gloria Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Gil, Roberto Ricardo. University Of Carnegie Mellon; Estados UnidosFil: Burton, Gerardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (i); Argentin

Management of insect pests with semiochemical substances originating from plants

1 ilus. 85 ref.Los problemas causados por el uso excesivo de insecticidas sint?ticos obligan a buscar nuevas alternativas de manejo de insectos de plagas. Una de estas alternativas es el uso de sustancias semioqu?micas derivadas del metabolismo secundario de las plantas, que tienen la capacidad de intervenir en la comunicaci?n qu?mica entre organismos. El control de insectos con el uso de varias plantas, como el nim (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae), increment? el inter?s en el uso de estos metabolitos secundarios. Esta revisi?n incluye aspectos relevantes de estas sustancias y su posibilidad real o potencial de uso en programas de manejo integrado de plagas. Se describe brevemente la contribuci?n fitoqu?mica de cinco plantas utilizadas desde la antiguedad para el control de plagas y que actualmente son producidas a nivel comercial: el nim, el piretro (Tanacetum spp., Asteraceae), el timb? (Derris sp., Fabaceae), Lonchocarpus sp.) (Fabaceae) y el tabaco (Nicotina tabacum, Solanaceae)

"Myzus persicae" (Homoptera: Aphididae) and "Capsicum annuum" (Solanaceae) volatiles: their effects on predators attraction

The behaviour of predators and their efficacy as biological pest control agents can be affected by the volatile infochemicals emitted by their preys and host plants. To test this hypothesis, the response of three ladybirds, the Coccinellidae Eriopis connexa, Cycloneda sanguinea and Harmonia axyridis, in presence of the aphid Myzus persicae and the host plant Capsicum annuum, was here analyzed using an air static olfactometer. Data showed that, in presence of the prey or the host plant alone, no significant differences in the time required for the three ladybird species to choose the volatiles source chamber (p < 0.05) were found. However, when the effect of the association aphid-host plant on the predators foraging behaviour was analyzed, C. sanguinea required significantly lower time to select the odour source. These variations are attributed to the higher attraction exerted by induced volatiles emissions, which act as sinomones in C. sanguinea cas

Preferencia alimentaria de Lema bilineata G. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) hacia tres Solanaceae (Solanoideae): Posibles defensas químicas

Feeding preference bioassays with Lema bilineata G. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a phyllophagous Solanaceae pest, were held employing three Subfamily Solanoideae species: Physalis peruviana, Salpichroa origanifolia and Solanum gilo. This investigation was based upon damage observations found exclusively on P. peruviana and S. origanifolia in cultures where the three species were present. Similar results were obtained in simple and multiple election laboratory assays, which were analyzed in relation to the three Solanaceae chemical constitution.Se llevaron a cabo bioensayos de preferencia alimentaria de Lema bilineata Germar (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), filófago de varias Solanaceae, empleando tres especies de la subfamilia Solanoideae: Physalis peruviana, Salpichroa origanifolia y Solanum gilo. Esta investigación se fundamentó en observaciones de daños exclusivamente en P. peruviana y S. origanifolia en cultivos donde las tres especies se hallaban presentes. Esto fue confirmado en ensayos de elección simple y múltiple de laboratorio siendo los resultados interpretados tomando en cuenta la constitución química de las tres solanáceas

Utilización de actómetros y nariz electrónica, para evaluar la actividad locomotriz de dos Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)

265-275The effect of odor signals on the locomotor activity of Cycloneda sanguinea and Harmonia axyridis was evaluated using two different actometricdevices. The purpose of the analysis was to differentiate between the responses elicited by direct contact with the substrates and the responses that occurred if the coc cinellids were exposed only to volatiles and had no direct substrate contact. The odor profile of the environmental volatiles (semio chemicals) in the bioassays was analyzed using an electronic nose (Modular Sensor System Moses II). The treatments used included volatiles emitted by pepper leaves (healthy or infested with Myzus persicae), M. persicae molts and honeydew, and healthy leaves treated with an artificial inducer of the systemic acquired response to her bivory (AISAR). The results suggest that a specific stimulus linked to aphid-host interaction would trigger a distinctive locomotor activity pattern in H. axyridis, with or without any contact with the aphids or the host plant. In contrast, C. sanguinea was not able to differentiate between volatiles from infested or uninfected pepper leaves or to distinguish these volatiles from clean filter paper (control). If C. sanguinea was in contact with aphid-infested pepper leaves (regardless of the previous prey density), it moved slowly and scanned the area exhaustively; H. axyridis showed significantly reduced locomotor activity when it was in contact with aphid-infested pepper leaves or aphid molts and honeydew, all reliable signals of the presence of a food source. In both species, treatment with Actigard (AISAR: Acibenzolar-S-methyl) failed to evoke the behavioral response observed in the treatment with aphid-infested pepper plants. The study also demonstrated that the E-nose can differentiate among blends of volatiles released from cut healthy or aphid-infested pepper leaves

Insecticidal effects of Lamiaceae species against stored products insects

Se seleccionaron algunas especies de Lamiaceae para evaluar su actividad biológica potencial sobre Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), cepa CIPEIN. Se efectuó un screening con Ocimum basilicum L, Mentha rotundifolia L, Origanum vulgare L ssp.vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis L y Thymus vulgaris L comparando la eficacia de sus extractos con la de extractos de Lavandula spica L. Se aplicaron extractos en diclorometano e infusiones de cada planta a la dieta de larvas de primer estadio de T. castaneum en una concentración de 5000 ppm. Se evaluó su efecto sobre demoras en el desarrollo y la mortalidad hasta la emergencia de adultos utilizando ANoVA, LSD y análisis Probit (p<0.05). El más alto efecto letal se obtuvo con el extracto en diclorometano de M. rotundifolia L mientras que sólo se produjo efecto subletal con O. vulgare L ssp.vulgare

Impact of natural extracts on target and non target soil organisms

Aqueous extracts from the chinaberry tree (Melia azedarach, Meliaceae), eucalyptus, (Eucalyptus globulus, Mirtaceae), castor oil (Ricinus communis, Euphorbiaceae) and trichilia (Trichilia glauca, Meliaceae) were tested against a soil target species (Nacobbus aberrans, Nematoda:Nacobbidae) and two non target soil organisms (Eisenia foetida and Dendrobaena octaedra, Annelida:Oligochaeta). Nematodes were assayed in vitro and in vivo, while worms were tested in vivo. Significant mortality of N. aberrans (p<O.O5) was observed in vitro with the four extracts. The best results were obtained with both Meliaceae. When galís number was registered in vivo, it was shown that pepper plants treated with M. azedarach extract were the less affected (p<O.05). The effect of the other treatments was significantly lower. No degree of damage against the non target species was shown with any of the extracts. These results suggest that application of M. azedarach extracts would be a good alternative to manage N. aberrans in soils with worms populations