The effect of spatial clustering on stone raw material procurement

Brantingham proposes a neutral model to explain observed data on stone tool raw material procurement. Here we provide the results of investigating how real source locations, and their spatial clustering affect the raw material pattern outcome of the neutral model. Our initial findings are that spatial distributions mimicking empirical data challenge the validity of the neutral model. More specifically, increasing the source clustering increases the amount of time where the forager is without raw materials. In terms of foraging behavior, it is not realistic to expect that foragers go extended periods of time without raw materials to create and repair tools

Caracterización de las PYMES del sector lácteo y su contribución económica a la ciudad de Estelí, en el periodo 2015

La leche, sin lugar a dudas es considerada como el alimento más completo que existe en la naturaleza, principalmente por el valor biológico de sus constituyentes. La producción de leche y sus derivados son un importante factor de empleo y de obtención de ingresos, especialmente en sectores rurales, y es un componente de baja sustituibilidad en la canasta de consumo familiar. El sector lácteo de Nicaragua se encuentra dentro de la actividad agropecuaria del país, siendo uno de los sectores que en los últimos años ha demostrado un dinamismo importante, tanto en evolución de la producción de leche fluida a nivel interno como un acelerado crecimiento en el mercado de exportación de productos derivados de la leche, principalmente queso. En términos de concentración geográfica, el ganado se localiza principalmente en los departamentos de la región central y norte del país, con énfasis en algunas regiones como la Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur (RAAS), Chontales, Matagalpa y Boaco. Estelí no es la excepción, aunque la producción de leche es altamente estacional el cual comprende un periodo de Mayo a Septiembre conocido como “Golpe de leche”, presenta una mayor productividad en el rubro. El mayor peso en el sector lo tienen las pequeñas y micro procesadoras artesanales. Las PYMES del sector lácteo de la ciudad de Estelí, se dedican al proceso de producción y comercialización de la leche y sus derivados, pero otras solamente a su comercialización. Ofrecen productos como: leche, queso, cuajada, crema, quesillo, etc., y distribuyen sus productos a pulperías, supermercados, así como la venta directa al consumidor. Dentro de los factores que inciden en el sector, están: la escasez o abundancia de materia prima, calidad y precio de los productos, equipos, competencia, falta de recursos para invertir y ausencia de visión empresarial. Todo esto da como resultado una disminución de la productividad dentro de la empresa. El sector lácteo de la ciudad de Estelí necesita una estrategia de desarrollo que contribuya a su fortalecimiento e incentive la producción y la comercialización de leche y sus derivados. La metodología utilizada para la realización del presente estudio se basó en los siguientes elementos: a) Investigación documental, a través de revisión bibliográfica de diferentes estudios sectoriales; b) Investigación de campo, a través de entrevistas y encuestas a los actores de la cadena de producción y comercialización de lácteos (productores y consumidores)

Mapping magnetism: geophysical modelling of stratigraphic features by using in situ magnetic susceptibility measurements at Pinnacle Point 5‐6 North, South Africa

This study utilizes geostatistical modelling of magnetic susceptibility (MS) for geophysical prospection of archaeological stratigraphy at the Middle Stone Age rock shelter site of Pinnacle Point 5-6 North. These models are overlaid onto high-resolution photography of the stratigraphic sequence to study the lateral and vertical changes within the magnetic signature of the archaeological sequence and correlate these changes to micromorphological interpretations previously made at the site. In situ analysis is reinforced by laboratory magnetic mineralogical analysis utilizing MS; frequency-dependent susceptibility (chi(FD)); isothermal remanent magnetization; and anhysteric remanent magnetization to understand the composition of the magnetic minerals creating the in situ signature. This study shows that there is consistent variation in the magnetic signatures of the sequence that can be mapped with in situ MS; there is a correlation with laboratory analysis of magnetic mineralogy, which provides insight into changes in human behaviour; and our models correlate well with micromorphological interpretations of the site.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Acoustic analyses and perceptual data on anticipatory labial coarticulation in adults and children

The present study investigated anticipatory labial coarticulation in the speech of adults and children. CV syllables, [s], [t], and [d] before [i] and [u], were produced by an adult male speaker and a female child speaker age 3 years 6 months. Each syllable was computer‐edited to include only the noise‐excited portion of fricative‐vowel stimuli and only the aperiodic portion of stop‐vowel stimuli. LPC spectra were computed for each excised segment. Analyses of the effect of the following vowel on the spectral peak associated with the second formant frequency and on the characteristic spectral prominence for each consonant were performed. Perceptual data were obtained by presenting the aperiodic consonantal segments to subjects who were instructed to identify in a forced choice paradigm the following vowel [i] or [u]. Both the acoustic and perceptual data show strong coarticulatory effects for adults and the absence of such coarticulations in the speech stimuli of the child. The results are discussed in terms of the articulatory and perceptual aspects of coarticulation in language learning

Acoustic analyses and perceptual data on anticipatory labial coarticulation in adults and children

This is the published version, also available here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.394917.The present study investigated anticipatory labial coarticulation in the speech of adults and children. CV syllables, composed of [s], [t], and [d] before [i] and [u], were produced by four adult speakers and eight child speakers aged 3–7 years. Each stimulus was computer edited to include only the aperiodic portion of fricative‐vowel and stop‐vowel syllables. LPC spectra were then computed for each excised segment. Analyses of the effect of the following vowel on the spectral peak associated with the second formant frequency and on the characteristic spectral prominence for each consonant were performed. Perceptual data were obtained by presenting the aperiodic consonantal segments to subjects who were instructed to identify the following vowel as [i] or [u]. Both the acoustic and the perceptual data show strong coarticulatory effects for the adults and comparable, although less consistent, coarticulation in the speech stimuli of the children. The results are discussed in terms of the articulatory and perceptual aspects of coarticulation in language learning

Lithic technological responses to Late Pleistocene glacial cycling at Pinnacle Point Site 5-6, South Africa

There are multiple hypotheses for human responses to glacial cycling in the Late Pleistocene, including changes in population size, interconnectedness, and mobility. Lithic technological analysis informs us of human responses to environmental change because lithic assemblage characteristics are a reflection of raw material transport, reduction, and discard behaviors that depend on hunter-gatherer social and economic decisions. Pinnacle Point Site 5-6 (PP5-6), Western Cape, South Africa is an ideal locality for examining the influence of glacial cycling on early modern human behaviors because it preserves a long sequence spanning marine isotope stages (MIS) 5, 4, and 3 and is associated with robust records of paleoenvironmental change. The analysis presented here addresses the question, what, if any, lithic assemblage traits at PP5-6 represent changing behavioral responses to the MIS 5-4-3 interglacial-glacial cycle? It statistically evaluates changes in 93 traits with no a priori assumptions about which traits may significantly associate with MIS. In contrast to other studies that claim that there is little relationship between broad-scale patterns of climate change and lithic technology, we identified the following characteristics that are associated with MIS 4: increased use of quartz, increased evidence for outcrop sources of quartzite and silcrete, increased evidence for earlier stages of reduction in silcrete, evidence for increased flaking efficiency in all raw material types, and changes in tool types and function for silcrete. Based on these results, we suggest that foragers responded to MIS 4 glacial environmental conditions at PP5-6 with increased population or group sizes, 'place provisioning', longer and/or more intense site occupations, and decreased residential mobility. Several other traits, including silcrete frequency, do not exhibit an association with MIS. Backed pieces, once they appear in the PP5-6 record during MIS 4, persist through MIS 3. Changing paleoenvironments explain some, but not all temporal technological variability at PP5-6.Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada; NORAM; American-Scandinavian Foundation; Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia [SFRH/BPD/73598/2010]; IGERT [DGE 0801634]; Hyde Family Foundations; Institute of Human Origins; National Science Foundation [BCS-9912465, BCS-0130713, BCS-0524087, BCS-1138073]; John Templeton Foundation to the Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State Universit

Assessing the legal risks in network forensic probing

This paper presents a framework for identifying the legal risks associated with performing network forensics on public networks. The framework is discussed in the context of the Gnutella P2P network protocol for which the legal issues related to authorized access have not yet been addressed