The development of children and family policy in Estonia from 1945 to 2000

The paper gives an overview ofthe formation ofEstonian family policy in the periodfrom 1945 to 2000. Deeper analyses are dedicated to the most recent decade and to thefactors which have influenced family policy and the main objects of discussion. Forthat purpose statistics and interviews with policy makers are analysed. The paper comesto the conclusion that child and family policy carries traces ofhistory, different institutionsand traditions. Family policy has been classsified according to time period: 1945-1970, 1970-1990, and 1990 to present. The main characteristics of the most recentdecade's family policy include comparatively generous child benefits, a great dependencyof policy on political decisions, and the development of an initially plain andsimple children's and family policy towards a more complicated one

Reasons for Migration Reverse in Estonia

During the past 30 years migration trends in most European countries have revealed some signs of deconcentration. The aim of this paper is to analyse the reasons of such deconcentration. For that purpose we will give an overview of literature on reasons of migration turnaround and provide a deeper case analysis of one country - Estonia. In Estonia internal migration ? rst turned in favour of rural areas in 1983. The trends of deconcentration continued and rural population increased at the expense of urban population at least until the end of the 1990s. The Retrospective Estonian Living Conditions Survey of 1999 is used to analyze the possible changes in reasons for migration turnaround. That survey provides a unique opportunity for comparing reasons of migration during periods of concentration and deconcentration. In the empirical part of this paper deconcentration will be de? ned as an out? ow of population from administrative town borders into rural areas. We will not distinguish between particular types of deconcentration for practical reasons of data limitation. We are particularly interested in migration because migration seems to be the most important factor contributing to quick population changes

Kehvema tervisega inimesed hindavad tervishoiusüsteeme kriitilisemalt – Eesti ja 14 teise Euroopa riigi võrdlus

Taust. Mitmed uuringud on näidanud, et kehvema tervisega inimesed kalduvad olema tervishoiusüsteemiga vähem rahul kui parema tervisega inimesed. Samas on teada, et tervishoiusüsteemiga rahulolu võib sõltuda tervishoiusüsteemivälistest teguritest. Näiteks on erinevate riigisüsteemide rahulolude vahel tugev seos.Eesmärk. Võrrelda erineva terviseseisundiga inimeste rahulolu tervishoiusüsteemiga Eestis ja veel 14 Euroopa riigis ning analüüsida selle seost üldise rahuloluga riigisüsteemiga ning sissetulekute ja terviseteenuse saamisega.Metoodika. Artiklis on kasutatud Euroopa sotsiaaluuringu 2014. aasta vooru andmeid. Uuring on esinduslik 15aastaste ja vanemate tavaleibkondades elavate inimeste puhul. Andmeid koguti 2014. aastal silmast silma intervjuudega. Inimeste rahulolu tervishoiusüsteemiga mõjutavaid tegureid analüüsiti sammsammulise lineaarse regressioonianalüüsi abil.Tulemused. Tulemused näitavad, et inimese tervis ja rahulolu tervishoiusüsteemiga on enamikus Euroopa riikides omavahel seotud. Enamasti on kehvema tervisega inimesed tervishoiusüsteemi suhtes kriitilisemad. Rahulolu tervishousüsteemiga on seotud ka üldise rahuloluga riigi valitsusega. Austrias, Rootsis ja Sloveenias on kehvema tervisega inimeste kriitilisem hinnang tervishoiusüsteemile seotud üldise hinnanguga kogu valitsuse tööle. Eestis ning Belgias sõltuvad parema ja kehvema tervisega inimeste hoiakud eelkõige nende sissetulekust.Järeldused. Eestis on kehvema tervisega inimeste väiksem rahulolu tervishoiusüsteemiga seletatav eelkõige nende inimeste väiksemate majanduslike võimalustega. Eestis on vaja uurida sissetulekute täpsemat mõju tervishoiusüsteemi kasutusele. Eesti Arst 2017; 96(3):129–13

ESS in the context of transition studies

Editoria

ESS in the context of transition studies

Editoria

Does marriage and having children make life better in Europe?

The diversity of family types is increasing in Europe. Existing research provides inconsistent results on whether having children in a family influences life satisfaction, and even less is known about how different partnership and social support types influence life satisfaction. We investigate the life satisfaction of officially registered and cohabiting persons with and without children in 24 European countries using the latest European Social Survey data from 2012. To investigate the influence of society and individual selection on family types, we include a range of individual and macroeconomic indicators in the multilevel analyses. The results demonstrate that life satisfaction is influenced by partnership and partnership type, children in a household do not elevate life satisfaction, and lack of economic coping problems might raise the positive value of children. Although the general life satisfaction levels follow predominantly the East–West alignment, the life satisfaction of families within countries is more driven by social support and a clear division of countries between East and West societies is not perceivable

The role of Estonian teachers in the social mediation of children’s internet use

Õpetajatel on oluline roll laste ettevalmistamisel internetimaailmas toimetulekuks. Artiklis analüüsitakse Eesti õpetajate tegevust 9–16aastaste laste internetikasutuse sotsiaalses vahendamises, mille mõõtmiseks kasutati kaheksat tunnust EU Kids Online’i uuringust. Tulemused näitavad, et enamik Eesti õpetajatest on õpilaste internetikasutust sotsiaalselt vahendanud: üksnes 13% lastest ei suutnud meenutada, et nad oleks õpetajatelt kunagi juhiseid või informatsiooni saanud. Peamised erinevused Eesti õpetajate tegevuses ilmnesid keele ja asula suuruse puhul. Uuring lubab väita, et eesti keelt rääkivate ja väikestest asulatest pärit laste õpetajad vahendavad laste internetitegevusi aktiivsemalt ja mitmekülgsemalt ning pakuvad internetiohtude korral rohkem nõuandeid. See, kuidas on õpetajate tegevus ja laste kokkupuude internetiohtudega omavahel seotud, erineb vanuseja keelerühmiti. Internetis kahju kogemine ei ole seotud õpetajatepoolse sotsiaalse vahendamisega.  Summar

Behind the Curtains of e-State: Determinants of Online Sexual Harassment Among Estonian Children

"This article analyses the risk of receiving online sexual messages and experiencing harm among Estonian children. In particular, the paper examines the association between receiving sexual messages and behavioural, psychological and demographic characteristics, and the social mediation of children’s Internet use. Estonian data from ‘EU Kids Online’ survey are used, involving 780 children aged 11-16. Results demonstrate that 19% of children who use the Internet have received online sexual messages, and 6% have felt disturbed. The probability of receiving sexual messages online is higher for children with risky online and offline behaviour and psychological difficulties. Perceiving online messages as sexually harassing is higher among children with excessive Internet use, lower levels of parental monitoring and higher levels of peer mediation of Internet use. The risk of exposure to harassing sexual messages also differs by age and, more notably, by the minority status. Mediation by parents and teachers plays an insignificant role in reducing teenagers’ risks of receiving sexual messages." (author's abstract

TOWARDS PRONATALISM – BALTIC FAMILY POLICY IN EUROPEAN COMPARISON IN 2002 AND 2010

The majority of comparative analyses of family policy have been oriented towards western European countries and only very few have included Baltic and eastern European countries. The aim of this paper is to analyse family policy in Baltic countries in European comparison about ten years after regaining independence, in 2002, and in 2010. Family policy is divided into two categories for analysis: 1) support for families from around the birth of a child until the first birthday of the child, pronatalist policies; and 2) child well-being policies, support for the family when the child is older. All policy data are standardised according to the relative wealth in the particular country. Results demonstrate that after ten years of country specific family policy processes, Lithuania developed a very specific pronatalist family policy type compared with Estonia and Latvia. In 2010, Estonia and Latvia also obtained a more pronatalist approach, but the Baltic countries did not belong to any one particular crystallised family policy group