Multiscale Attention via Wavelet Neural Operators for Vision Transformers

Transformers have achieved widespread success in computer vision. At their heart, there is a Self-Attention (SA) mechanism, an inductive bias that associates each token in the input with every other token through a weighted basis. The standard SA mechanism has quadratic complexity with the sequence length, which impedes its utility to long sequences appearing in high resolution vision. Recently, inspired by operator learning for PDEs, Adaptive Fourier Neural Operators (AFNO) were introduced for high resolution attention based on global convolution that is efficiently implemented via FFT. However, the AFNO global filtering cannot well represent small and moderate scale structures that commonly appear in natural images. To leverage the coarse-to-fine scale structures we introduce a Multiscale Wavelet Attention (MWA) by leveraging wavelet neural operators which incurs linear complexity in the sequence size. We replace the attention in ViT with MWA and our experiments with CIFAR and ImageNet classification demonstrate significant improvement over alternative Fourier-based attentions such as AFNO and Global Filter Network (GFN)

The use of social networks sites (SNSs) among university students: how far do they learn

The study investigated the pedagogical affordances of SNS and its relationship on student engagement. A sample of 300 students responded to this quantitative research using a self constructed questionnaire. The hypothesized model has been tested to determine the relationships between pedagogical affordances and student engagement. This model underpins the theory of constructivist of interactions that promote learning; connectivity and collaboration through Web 2.0 technology. Using Multiple Regression Analysis, the model is able to explain the significant relationships of connectivity, assessment and feedback and collaboration in predicting student engagement when learning via SNS. The implications of the study are discussed based on theory, practical importance and methodology of research

The Factors in Development of Health Tourism in Iran

Introduction: Health tourism refers to any type of travelling seeking improvement of health condition. It can be treated like a national strategy toward increase of national income. The present study is an attempt to survey the factors in development of health tourism in Iran. Methods: The study is an analytical research and data used in the study were gleaned through library resources and academic site web. In addition consultation with experts was also added. Using snowball sampling 61 of the authorities of health tourism answered the questionnaire. Finally the results were analyzed using Friedman test. Results: The findings showed that 3 main factors in development of health tourism of Iran are health tourism branding, correlation between different sections, and centralized services. Conclusion: To have all its potentials of nurse health care realized, and to meet the goals of Iran 1404 outlook program, a comprehensive and executive planning must be adopted and other requirement to emerge as a leading country in the region regarding the industry must be provided

Structural study of the coordination behavior of a tetradentate NO3-donor amino alcohol ligand toward a CdII:HgII mixture

In this work, the reaction of 2,2′,2″-nitrilotriethanol (NTE) with a 1:1 mixture of CdI2 and HgI2 is investigated. The complex [Cd(NTE)2][Hg2(μ-I)2I4] was synthesized and identified by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of the [HNTE]Cl salt is also presented. In the crystal structure of the complex, the cadmium atom has a CdN2O6 environment in a slightly distorted cube geometry. This geometry is one of the rare cube geometries with a minimum distortion among the Cambridge Structural Database structures for cadmium complexes. The anionic moiety has a binuclear structure with the mercury atoms being in tetrahedral environments. In the network of the complex, in addition to O−H · · · I hydrogen bonds, there are I · · · I interactions which lead to ten-membered rings.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Effect of quercetin on methotrexate-induced hepatic and renal damages in male rats

Abstract Background and purpose: Methotrexate as a chemotherapy drug causes chronic liver damage, infiltration of neutrophils, oxidative stress, and direct renal tubular damage. Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on eliminating the liver and kidney toxicity of methotrexate. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 32 rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I (control) was given regular diet. Group II received single-dose methotrexate. Group III received methotrexate + a single dose quercetin and the last group (positive control) received methotrexate + a single dose silymarin. After five days, blood samples were taken and the serum GOT, GPT, ALP, Cr, urea and antioxidant capacity of plasma were measured. Some parts of liver and kidney were removed to measure the liver and kidney SOD, MDA, catalase activity and histopathological studies. Results: Serum GOT, GPT, ALP, Cr, and liver and kidney MDA were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group II, compared with those of the control group. These parameters significantly decreased (P<0.05) in group III. Compared to the control group, antioxidant capacity of plasma, activity of the liver and kidney SOD, catalase and serum urea decreased significantly in group II (P<0.05). Administration of quercetin significantly increased these parameters (P<0.05) and decreased hepatic and renal lymphocyte infiltration. Conclusion: According to the results, administration of quercetin could have a protective role in preventing liver and renal toxicity induced by methotrexate which could be due to its antioxidant property

Time-Varying Univariate and Bivariate Frequency Analysis of Nonstationary Extreme Sea Level for New York City

Bivariate frequency analysis is an emerging method for the assessment of compound floods, especially in coastal regions. Changing climate, which usually leads to changes in characteristics of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena, makes the application of nonstationary methods more critical. In this research, a methodology is developed to apply frequency analysis on extreme sea level using physically-based hydroclimatic variables as covariates based on univariate Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) as the probability distribution function and copula methods. The results show that for extreme sea level, the location parameter of marginal distribution is directly related to the covariate variable of maximum temperature. For precipitation, the scale parameter is related to the covariate variable of minimum temperature, and the shape parameter is time-dependent. The univariate return periods of hurricanes Sandy and Irene are estimated at 85 and 12 years in nonstationary GEV distribution, respectively, while for stationary GEV distribution they are estimated at 1200 and 25 years, and in the bivariate frequency analysis of water level and precipitation, the normal copula function has more flexibility compared to other competitors. Using time-varying copula, the bivariate return periods of Hurricanes Sandy and Irene are 109 years and 136 years, respectively. The results confirm the importance of incorporating rainfall and extreme sea level in coastal flood frequency analysis. Although the proposed methodology can be applied to other hydro-climatological variables, the findings of this research suggest the necessity of considering nonstationarity in the analysis of extreme hydrologic events

A study on the effect of hydroalcholic extracts of Cornus mas on Leishmania major in vitro condition and wounds in Balb/C mice

Background: Antileishmaniasis drugs such as antimonials have problems such as disease recurrence, drug resistance, side effects and long-term treatment period. Therefore it seems necessary to search for new drugs, particularly herbal compounds with no side effects. Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of hydroalcholic extract of Cornus mas on Leishmania major in vitro and wounds in Balb/c mice. Methods: Various concentrations of hydroalcholic extract of Cornus mas were prepared using maceration method in 80% ethanol. Then, 100 μl RPMI medium containing 5×105/well leishmania major promastigote was added to 96-well cell culture plates. Afterwards extract was added in each concentrations and the plate was incubated at 26 °C on 0h, 24h, 48h, and 72h. Then the MTT solution was added and absorbance was measured with ELISA reader in 570 nm in vivo: 60 Balb/c mouse after inoculation of L. major promastigote in the base their tail, after leishmaniasis lesions concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract were injected to test groups one day in between for 30 days. Diameter and condition wound healing was recorded before and after the treatment. Then results were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The findings revealed that the effect of C. mas on leishmania was dependent on dose of extract and time treatment also all concentrations of the extract could reduce the diameter of the wound and reduce parasitic load. Conclusion: The results indicated that extract of C. mas had the favorable effect in leishmanicidal activity in experimental conditions and in the animal model. Based on this, it is recommended that the effect of the herbal ointment and gel in the future on leishmaniasis should be investigated

2D-coordination polymer containing lead(II) in a hemidirected PbO4S3 environment formed by molecular breaking of the 1,3-oxathiolane ligand

new 1,3-oxathiolane-based ligand, 2-(1,3-oxathiolan-2-yl)pyridine, was prepared and its coordination to lead(II) was investigated. Experiments revealed a ligand-breaking reaction during the complexation process, which leads to the formation of a 2D-coordination polymer of lead(II), [Pb(μ3-HME)(μ-OAc)]n; H2ME: 2-mercaptoethanol. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray analysis revealed a 2D-coordination polymer extending via acetato bridges. The lead(II) center adopts a rare PbO4S3-distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with a hemidirected arrangement. Upon coordination, the thiol group of the H2ME ligand is deprotonated to coordinate as an anionic ligand. The network extends in sheets in the crystallographic ab plane via Pb–S–Pb and Pb–O–Pb bridges, aided by O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The effect of spirituality-based education on the meaning of life in cancer patients: a quasi-experimental study

Introduction. Patients with cancer face challenges in finding the meaning of life. This study aimed to examine the effect of spirituality-based education on the meaning of life of cancer patients.  Material and methods. This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pretest and posttest design with two groups. The data were collected by using personal information forms and the meaning-of-life questionnaire. Patients in Iran were selected via convenience sampling and were divided into the experimental (n = 85) and control groups (n = 84) based on nonrandom allocation. The experimental group received six sessions of mobile spirituality-based education in three weeks. One month after the pretest and at the end of the spirituality-based education, the posttest was conducted. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with SPSS software.  Results. A comparison of the scores of the patients in the two groups after the intervention suggested a significant increase in the scores for the presence of meaning, search for meaning, and meaning of life for the patients in the experimental group (p = 0.001).  Conclusions. The results of this study indicated that spirituality-based education can be one of the useful, effective, and applicable educational techniques to improve the meaning of life of cancer patients.