Bowdoin College Catalogue (1830 Apr)

https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/course-catalogues/1018/thumbnail.jp

Planering för bevarande av biotopen ädellövskog vid exploatering

I och med det större exploateringstrycket på grund av en ökad urbanisering finns det idag risk för att grönytor till total yta minskar för att ge plats åt nya byggnader och infrastruktur. De ekosystemtjänster som grönytorna genererar tenderar således att bortprioriteras till följd av detta. En av de viktigaste biotoperna är ädellövträdsbiotopen, mycket på grund av omfattningen av den biologiska mångfalden kopplat till träden, samt de kulturella värden de bidrar med. Syftet med arbetet är att ge mer lättillgänglig och ökad kunskap om ädellövträdsindividerna och planeringsskedet. Detta genom att sammanställa fakta kring de båda, för att sedan diskutera fram artindividuella åtgärder för att ge möjlighet till en mer riktad och flexibel planering. Målet är att ta fram ett hjälpverktyg för berörda aktörer i ett tidigt planeringsskede av en exploatering för att konkretisera utförandet av den riktade och flexibla planeringen genom att göra en litteraturstudie. Fakta till litteraturstudien utgår till största del från en sammanställning av fakta kring ädellövträden utifrån deras förekomst, ståndort, speciella krav samt speciella tåligheter, följt av fakta kring hur planering för bevarande av träd går till. Planeringen delas vidare in efter hur den generellt sett utförs och vilka åtgärder som bör vidtas vid undantag och avvikelser. För att nå ett resultat identifieras nyckelfaktorer som övergripande delas in i förändringar av topografi och mark och som påverkar trädens grundläggande krav. Därefter diskuteras fakta mellan ädellövträdens grundläggande krav och generellt tillvägagångssätt i planeringsskedet utifrån de identifierade nyckelfaktorerna. Kontentan av slutsatsen är att en riktad planering kopplat till ett specifikt ädellövträd till viss del är möjlig att utföra, trots att den fortfarande kan anses vara något för generell.Because of the greater exploitation pressure due to increased urbanization, there is currently a risk that green areas in total will decrease in order to make room for new buildings and infrastructure. The ecosystem services generated by the green areas thus tend to be prioritized as a result. One of the most important biotopes is the broad-leaved tree biotope, much because of the extent of biodiversity linked to the trees, and the cultural values they contribute to. Because of the greater exploitation pressure due to increased urbanization, there is currently a risk that green areas in total will decrease in order to make room for new buildings and infrastructure. The ecosystem services generated by the green areas thus tend to be prioritized as a result. One of the most important biotopes is the broad-leaved tree biotope, much because of the extent of biodiversity linked to the trees, and the cultural values they contribute to. The purpose of the work is to provide more easily accessible and increased knowledge of the broad-leaved tree individuals and the planning stage. This is done by compiling facts about the two, and then discussing art-individual measures to give the opportunity for a more targeted and flexible planning. The goal is to develop a tool for relevant actors in an early planning stage of an exploitation to concretize the execution of the targeted and flexible planning by doing a literature study. Facts for the literature study are mostly based on a compilation of facts about broad-leaved trees based on their occurrence, place of birth, special requirements and special tolerances, followed by facts about how planning for conservation of trees goes. The planning is further divided according to how it is generally performed and what measures should be taken in the case of exceptions and deviations. In order to achieve a result, key factors that are overall divided into changes in topography and land are identified, which affect the basic requirements of the trees. Then facts are discussed between the basic requirements of the broad-leaved tree and the general approach in the planning stage based on the identified key factors. The conclusion of the conclusion is that a targeted planning linked to a specific broad-leaved tree is possible to some extent, although it can still be considered somewhat too general

Insulitis in human diabetes: a histological evaluation of donor pancreases

Aims/hypothesis According to the consensus criteria developed for type 1 diabetes, an individual can be diagnosed with insulitis when >= 15 CD45(+) cells are found within the parenchyma or in the islet-exocrine interface in >= 3 islets. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of individuals with type 2 diabetes fulfilling these criteria with reference to non-diabetic and type 1 diabetic individuals. Methods Insulitis was determined by examining CD45(+) cells in the pancreases of 50, 13 and 44 organ donors with type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes and no diabetes, respectively. CD3(+) cells (T cells) infiltrating the islets were evaluated in insulitic donors. In insulitic donors with type 2 diabetes, the pancreases were characterised according to the presence of CD68 (macrophages), myeloperoxidase (MPO; neutrophils), CD3, CD20 (B cells) and HLA class I hyperstained islets. In all type 2 diabetic donors, potential correlations of insulitis with dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro or age, BMI, HbA(1c) or autoantibody positivity were examined. Results Overall, 28% of the type 2 diabetic donors fulfilled the consensus criteria for insulitis developed for type 1 diabetes. Of the type 1 diabetic donors, 31% fulfilled the criteria. None of the non-diabetic donors met the criteria. Only type 1 diabetic donors had >= 15 CD3(+) cells in >= 3 islets. Type 2 diabetic donors with insulitis also had a substantial number of CD45(+) cells in the exocrine parenchyma. Macrophages constituted the largest fraction of CD45(+) cells, followed by neutrophils and T cells. Of type 2 diabetic pancreases with insulitis, 36% contained islets that hyperstained for HLA class I. Isolated islets from type 2 diabetic donors secreted less insulin than controls, although with preserved dynamics. Insulitis in the type 2 diabetic donors did not correlate with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, the presence of autoantibodies, BMI or HbA(1c). Conclusions/interpretation The current definition of insulitis cannot be used to distinguish pancreases retrieved from individuals with type 1 diabetes from those with type 2 diabetes. On the basis of our findings, we propose a revised definition of insulitis, with a positive diagnosis when >= 15 CD3(+) cells, not CD45(+) cells, are found in >= 3 islets

Pharmaceutical pollution disrupts the behaviour and predator–prey interactions of two widespread aquatic insects

Pharmaceutical pollution represents a rapidly growing threat to ecosystems worldwide. Drugs are now commonly detected in the tissues of wildlife and have the potential to alter the natural expression of behavior, though relatively little is known about how pharmaceuticals impact predator-prey interactions. We conducted parallel laboratory experiments using larval odonates (dragonfly and damselfly nymphs) to investigate the effects of exposure to two pharmaceuticals, cetirizine and citalopram, and their mixture on the outcomes of predator-prey interactions. We found that exposure to both compounds elevated dragonfly activity and impacted their predation success and efficiency in complex ways. While exposure to citalopram reduced predation efficiency, exposure to cetirizine showed varied effects, with predation success being enhanced in some contexts but impaired in others. Our findings underscore the importance of evaluating pharmaceutical effects under multiple contexts and indicate that these compounds can affect predator-prey outcomes at sublethal concentrations