335 research outputs found

    Bowdoin College Catalogue (1830 Apr)

    Get PDF
    https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/course-catalogues/1018/thumbnail.jp

    Skogsskötsel pĂ„ Holmens tĂ€tortsnĂ€ra marker kring Överum

    Get PDF
    Efter att de boende i Överum framfört kritik till Holmen gĂ€llande brukandet av de tĂ€tortsnĂ€ra skogarna har detta arbete upprĂ€ttats med syftet att identifiera, analysera och sammanstĂ€lla samhĂ€llets Ă„sikter och önskemĂ„l gĂ€llande Holmens skogsbruk i de tĂ€tortsnĂ€ra skogarna runt Överum. MĂ„let var att kartlĂ€gga vilka skogsomrĂ„den som nyttjas mest och ge förslag till skötselĂ„tgĂ€rder som diskussionsunderlag och planeringsstöd för Holmen. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med utvalda personer frĂ„n Överum och analyser av hyggesfria skötselĂ„tgĂ€rder gjordes i Heureka StandWise pĂ„ tre typbestĂ„nd för att ta reda pĂ„ vilket nuvĂ€rde och kassaflöde skötselĂ„tgĂ€rderna medför. Analyserna bygger pĂ„ bestĂ„ndsdata frĂ„n Holmens skogsinnehav. En litteraturstudie genomfördes ocksĂ„ för att redogöra viktiga begrepp gĂ€llande sociala vĂ€rden och tĂ€tortsnĂ€ra skötsel. Den hĂ€r studien visar att skogsomrĂ„det mellan Holmsjön och samhĂ€llet nyttjas mest och i övrigt anvĂ€nds de markerade lederna frekvent. Att kalhyggen och körskador undviks Ă€r det frĂ€msta önskemĂ„let frĂ„n de boende i Överum. Simuleringarna indikerar att hyggesfria metoder inte behöver innebĂ€ra stora ekonomiska uppoffringar. Eftersom simuleringarna inte tĂ€cker verklighetens komplexitet fullt ut bör de ses som riktlinjer för vad ett hyggesfritt skogsbruk kan innebĂ€ra. En av de viktigaste slutsatserna Ă€r vikten av god kommunikation med Överumsborna.As a result of criticism from the residents of Överum of HolmenÂŽs current management of the urban forest, this work was initiated with the aim to identify, analyze and summarize opinions and preferences of the community regarding the management of the urban forest. The goal is to identify the most frequently used forest areas and propose alternative forest management methods for discussion and as decision support for Holmen. Qualitative interviews were conducted with selected individuals from Överum and alternative forest management methods were analyzed using Heureka StandWise for three type stands to find out what the consequences of these measures would be in terms of net present value and cash flow. This analysis was based on forest data on HolmenÂŽs forest holdings. A literature review was also conducted to map out important concepts regarding social values and urban management. This thesis shows that the area between Holmsjön and the town is the most frequently visited forest, and the marked trails in the whole area around Överum are also frequently used. That clearcut and ground damage from forest machines are avoided is whatÂŽs most important to the residents of Överum. The Heureka simulations indicate that alternative forest management methods would not have to be very costly. However since the simulations do not fully capture the complexity of the real world, the results from the simulations should be seen as guidelines for what the economic consequences of the alternative forest management may be. A main conclusion is the importance of good communication with the residents of Överum

    Skötsel för tallskog i TjÀderbergets mÄngfaldspark

    Get PDF
    Tallskogarna i Norrland har genomgĂ„tt en strukturförĂ€ndring det senaste Ă„rhundradet. Minskningen av skogsbrĂ€nder tillsammans med ett intensivare skogsbruk har gjort dagens tallskogar homogena, enskiktade och död ved har blivit en bristvara. StrukturförĂ€ndringarna har lett till minskad biologisk mĂ„ngfald i skogarna. En del i SCA:s naturvĂ„rdsarbete för att gynna den biologiska mĂ„ngfalden Ă€r öppnandet av mĂ„ngfaldsparker. En mĂ„ngfaldspark Ă€r ett omrĂ„de pĂ„ minst 500 ha dĂ€r halva arealen avsatts för naturvĂ„rd. I VĂ€sterbotten öppnas TjĂ€derbergets mĂ„ngfaldspark till sommaren 2014. Den produktiva skogsmarksarealen Ă€r pĂ„ 967 ha och minst 483,5 ha ska skötas för att frĂ€mja natur- och kulturvĂ€rden. En mĂ„lsĂ€ttning för de 483,5 ha Ă€r att öka tallskogar med höga naturvĂ€rden frĂ„n 71,6 ha (14,8 %) till 145,1 ha (30 %) till Ă„r 2030. Syftet med denna studie var att identifiera bestĂ„nd som skulle kunna utveckla höga tallnaturvĂ€rden genom olika skötselĂ„tgĂ€rder. De föreslagna Ă„tgĂ€rderna Ă€r 1) lĂ€mna för fri utveckling, 2 naturvĂ„rdsbrĂ€nna, 3) mekaniskt skapande av död ved, 4) luckhuggning. I analysen stĂ€lldes kriterier upp för att identifiera lĂ€mpliga bestĂ„nd för respektive Ă„tgĂ€rd. De bestĂ„nd som uppfyllde kriterierna bĂ€st tilldelades en passande Ă„tgĂ€rd. Resultatet blev 19 bestĂ„nd med en sammanlagd areal pĂ„ 103,6 ha som tilldelades skötselĂ„tgĂ€rder. De föreslagna Ă„tgĂ€rderna garanterar dock inte att höga naturvĂ€rden utvecklas inom planperioden dĂ„ denna process kan ta lĂ„ng tid i tallskogar. Studien behandlar ett av flera mĂ„l med mĂ„ngfaldparken och kan ingĂ„ som beslutsstöd i en större översiktsplanering.In northern Sweden pine forests have undergone structural changes the past century. The reduction of forest fires along with intensive forestry has made today’s pine forests homogeneous, single layered and dead wood has become scarce. These structural changes have led to a decline in forest biodiversity. A part of SCA's conservation work, to the benefit of biodiversity, is the opening of biodiversity parks. A biodiversity park is an area of at least 500 ha where half of the area is set aside for nature conservation. In the summer of 2014, SCA will open TjĂ€derberget biodiversity park in VĂ€sterbotten County. In this park the area of productive forest is 967 ha and at least 483.5 ha will be managed to promote natural and cultural values. One goal for the 483.5 ha is to increase pine forests with high conservation values from 71.6 ha (14.8%) to 145.1 ha (30 %) by year 2030. The purpose of this thesis was to identify pine stands that could develop high natural values through various restoration treatments. The proposed treatments are 1) free development, 2) burning, 3) mechanically create dead wood, 4) slot cutting. In the analysis, desirable stand criteria were set up to identify suitable stands for each treatment. Stands meeting the criteria were given restoration treatments. The result gave 19 stands (103.6 ha) which were given restoration treatments. Since processes can take a long time, the proposed treatment does not ensure that high conservation values will develop within the plan period. The study handles one of several objectives for the biodiversity park and can be included as decision support in a larger comprehensive planning scheme

    Planering för bevarande av biotopen Àdellövskog vid exploatering

    Get PDF
    I och med det större exploateringstrycket pÄ grund av en ökad urbanisering finns det idag risk för att grönytor till total yta minskar för att ge plats Ät nya byggnader och infrastruktur. De ekosystemtjÀnster som grönytorna genererar tenderar sÄledes att bortprioriteras till följd av detta. En av de viktigaste biotoperna Àr ÀdellövtrÀdsbiotopen, mycket pÄ grund av omfattningen av den biologiska mÄngfalden kopplat till trÀden, samt de kulturella vÀrden de bidrar med. Syftet med arbetet Àr att ge mer lÀttillgÀnglig och ökad kunskap om ÀdellövtrÀdsindividerna och planeringsskedet. Detta genom att sammanstÀlla fakta kring de bÄda, för att sedan diskutera fram artindividuella ÄtgÀrder för att ge möjlighet till en mer riktad och flexibel planering. MÄlet Àr att ta fram ett hjÀlpverktyg för berörda aktörer i ett tidigt planeringsskede av en exploatering för att konkretisera utförandet av den riktade och flexibla planeringen genom att göra en litteraturstudie. Fakta till litteraturstudien utgÄr till största del frÄn en sammanstÀllning av fakta kring ÀdellövtrÀden utifrÄn deras förekomst, stÄndort, speciella krav samt speciella tÄligheter, följt av fakta kring hur planering för bevarande av trÀd gÄr till. Planeringen delas vidare in efter hur den generellt sett utförs och vilka ÄtgÀrder som bör vidtas vid undantag och avvikelser. För att nÄ ett resultat identifieras nyckelfaktorer som övergripande delas in i förÀndringar av topografi och mark och som pÄverkar trÀdens grundlÀggande krav. DÀrefter diskuteras fakta mellan ÀdellövtrÀdens grundlÀggande krav och generellt tillvÀgagÄngssÀtt i planeringsskedet utifrÄn de identifierade nyckelfaktorerna. Kontentan av slutsatsen Àr att en riktad planering kopplat till ett specifikt ÀdellövtrÀd till viss del Àr möjlig att utföra, trots att den fortfarande kan anses vara nÄgot för generell.Because of the greater exploitation pressure due to increased urbanization, there is currently a risk that green areas in total will decrease in order to make room for new buildings and infrastructure. The ecosystem services generated by the green areas thus tend to be prioritized as a result. One of the most important biotopes is the broad-leaved tree biotope, much because of the extent of biodiversity linked to the trees, and the cultural values they contribute to. Because of the greater exploitation pressure due to increased urbanization, there is currently a risk that green areas in total will decrease in order to make room for new buildings and infrastructure. The ecosystem services generated by the green areas thus tend to be prioritized as a result. One of the most important biotopes is the broad-leaved tree biotope, much because of the extent of biodiversity linked to the trees, and the cultural values they contribute to. The purpose of the work is to provide more easily accessible and increased knowledge of the broad-leaved tree individuals and the planning stage. This is done by compiling facts about the two, and then discussing art-individual measures to give the opportunity for a more targeted and flexible planning. The goal is to develop a tool for relevant actors in an early planning stage of an exploitation to concretize the execution of the targeted and flexible planning by doing a literature study. Facts for the literature study are mostly based on a compilation of facts about broad-leaved trees based on their occurrence, place of birth, special requirements and special tolerances, followed by facts about how planning for conservation of trees goes. The planning is further divided according to how it is generally performed and what measures should be taken in the case of exceptions and deviations. In order to achieve a result, key factors that are overall divided into changes in topography and land are identified, which affect the basic requirements of the trees. Then facts are discussed between the basic requirements of the broad-leaved tree and the general approach in the planning stage based on the identified key factors. The conclusion of the conclusion is that a targeted planning linked to a specific broad-leaved tree is possible to some extent, although it can still be considered somewhat too general

    Insulitis in human diabetes: a histological evaluation of donor pancreases

    Get PDF
    Aims/hypothesis According to the consensus criteria developed for type 1 diabetes, an individual can be diagnosed with insulitis when >= 15 CD45(+) cells are found within the parenchyma or in the islet-exocrine interface in >= 3 islets. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of individuals with type 2 diabetes fulfilling these criteria with reference to non-diabetic and type 1 diabetic individuals. Methods Insulitis was determined by examining CD45(+) cells in the pancreases of 50, 13 and 44 organ donors with type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes and no diabetes, respectively. CD3(+) cells (T cells) infiltrating the islets were evaluated in insulitic donors. In insulitic donors with type 2 diabetes, the pancreases were characterised according to the presence of CD68 (macrophages), myeloperoxidase (MPO; neutrophils), CD3, CD20 (B cells) and HLA class I hyperstained islets. In all type 2 diabetic donors, potential correlations of insulitis with dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro or age, BMI, HbA(1c) or autoantibody positivity were examined. Results Overall, 28% of the type 2 diabetic donors fulfilled the consensus criteria for insulitis developed for type 1 diabetes. Of the type 1 diabetic donors, 31% fulfilled the criteria. None of the non-diabetic donors met the criteria. Only type 1 diabetic donors had >= 15 CD3(+) cells in >= 3 islets. Type 2 diabetic donors with insulitis also had a substantial number of CD45(+) cells in the exocrine parenchyma. Macrophages constituted the largest fraction of CD45(+) cells, followed by neutrophils and T cells. Of type 2 diabetic pancreases with insulitis, 36% contained islets that hyperstained for HLA class I. Isolated islets from type 2 diabetic donors secreted less insulin than controls, although with preserved dynamics. Insulitis in the type 2 diabetic donors did not correlate with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, the presence of autoantibodies, BMI or HbA(1c). Conclusions/interpretation The current definition of insulitis cannot be used to distinguish pancreases retrieved from individuals with type 1 diabetes from those with type 2 diabetes. On the basis of our findings, we propose a revised definition of insulitis, with a positive diagnosis when >= 15 CD3(+) cells, not CD45(+) cells, are found in >= 3 islets

    Pharmaceutical pollution disrupts the behaviour and predator–prey interactions of two widespread aquatic insects

    Get PDF
    Pharmaceutical pollution represents a rapidly growing threat to ecosystems worldwide. Drugs are now commonly detected in the tissues of wildlife and have the potential to alter the natural expression of behavior, though relatively little is known about how pharmaceuticals impact predator-prey interactions. We conducted parallel laboratory experiments using larval odonates (dragonfly and damselfly nymphs) to investigate the effects of exposure to two pharmaceuticals, cetirizine and citalopram, and their mixture on the outcomes of predator-prey interactions. We found that exposure to both compounds elevated dragonfly activity and impacted their predation success and efficiency in complex ways. While exposure to citalopram reduced predation efficiency, exposure to cetirizine showed varied effects, with predation success being enhanced in some contexts but impaired in others. Our findings underscore the importance of evaluating pharmaceutical effects under multiple contexts and indicate that these compounds can affect predator-prey outcomes at sublethal concentrations

    A global view of protein expression in human cells, tissues, and organs

    Get PDF
    Defining the protein profiles of tissues and organs is critical to understanding the unique characteristics of the various cell types in the human body. In this study, we report on an anatomically comprehensive analysis of 4842 protein profiles in 48 human tissues and 45 human cell lines. A detailed analysis of over 2 million manually annotated, high-resolution, immunohistochemistry-based images showed a high fraction (>65%) of expressed proteins in most cells and tissues, with very few proteins (<2%) detected in any single cell type. Similarly, confocal microscopy in three human cell lines detected expression of more than 70% of the analyzed proteins. Despite this ubiquitous expression, hierarchical clustering analysis, based on global protein expression patterns, shows that the analyzed cells can be still subdivided into groups according to the current concepts of histology and cellular differentiation. This study suggests that tissue specificity is achieved by precise regulation of protein levels in space and time, and that different tissues in the body acquire their unique characteristics by controlling not which proteins are expressed but how much of each is produced
    • 

    corecore