Efficacy of epsilon-Polylysine, Lauric Arginate, or Acidic Calcium Sulfate Applied Sequentially for Salmonella Reduction on Membrane Filters and Chicken Carcasses

WOS: 000290641600006PubMed ID: 21549044Salmonella contamination continues to be one of the major concerns for the microbiological safety of raw poultry products. Application of more than one decontamination agent as a multihurdle intervention to carcasses in a processing line might produce greater reductions than one treatment alone due to different modes of action of individual antimicrobials. In this study, all possible two-way combinations and individual applications of epsilon-polylysine (EPL), lauric arginate (LAE), and acidic calcium sulfate (ACS) solutions were evaluated for their effects against Salmonella enterica serovars, including Enteritidis and Typhimurium, using a sterile membrane filter model system. The combinations that provided higher Salmonella reductions were further evaluated on inoculated chicken carcasses in various concentrations applied in a sequential manner. Sequential spray applications of 300 mg of EPL per liter followed by 30% ACS and of 200 mg of LAE per liter followed by 30% ACS produced the highest Salmonella reductions on inoculated chicken carcasses, by 2.1 and 2.2 log CFU/ml, respectively. Our results indicated that these sequential spray applications of decontamination agents are effective for decreasing Salmonella contamination on poultry carcasses, but further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of these combinations over a storage period

Development and Verification of a Poultry Management Tool to Quantify <i>Salmonella</i> from Live to Final Product Utilizing RT-PCR

The United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA FSIS) does not maintain a zero-tolerance policy for Salmonella in poultry and poultry products, despite being a known food safety hazard throughout the poultry industry. In 2016, USDA FSIS established performance standards for a 52-week moving window with the maximum acceptable percent positive for comminuted turkey (325 g sample) at 13.5% (7 of 52 samples). Based upon FSIS verification sampling results from one 52-week moving window, the Salmonella prevalence for each poultry establishment in category 1 (below limit), 2 (meeting limit), or 3 (exceeding limit) are published for public viewing. Moreover, many poultry producers continue to have post-intervention samples test positive. Therefore, the use of quantification would be more valuable to determine the efficacy of process control interventions, corrective actions, and final product Log CFU/g of Salmonella to make rapid, within shift, food safety decisions. Therefore, the objectives of these studies are to develop, verify, and validate a rapid and reliable quantification method utilizing RT-PCR to enumerate Salmonella in the poultry industry from flock to final product and to utilize the method in an application study. BAX® System SalQuant® is an application of the BAX® System Real-Time PCR Assay for Salmonella to enumerate low levels of Salmonella with shortened enrichment times. Curve development encompassed inoculating poultry matrix samples at four levels with an ATCC strain of Salmonella, with three biological replicates per inoculation level, and five technical replicates being run on the BAX® System for various timepoints, gathering the data, and creating a linear-fit equation. A linear-fit equation was provided for each timepoint. The ideal timepoint, based on the statistical parameters surrounding the equation (R2 > 0.80, Log RMSE Salmonella compared to most probable number (MPN), was chosen to be utilized for further studies

Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of sequential spray applications of decontamination treatments on chicken carcasses

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sequential applications of ε-polylysine (EPL) or lauramide arginine ethyl ester (LAE) sprays followed by an acidic calcium sulfate (ACS) spray on inoculated chicken carcasses to reduce Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovars including Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis) contamination during 6 days of storage (4.4°C). Secondly, reductions of the resident microflora were studied on uninoculated chicken carcasses following the sequential application of the treatments, chilling and 10 days of storage at 4.4°C. The treatment of Salmonella inoculated carcasses with 300 mg/L EPL followed by 30% ACS (EPL300-ACS30) sprays reduced Salmonella counts initially by 1.5 log cfu/mL and then by 1.2 log cfu/mL (p\u3c0.05) following 6 days of storage at 4.4°C. Likewise, 200 mg/L LAE followed by 30% ACS (LAE200-ACS30) treatment reduced initial Salmonella counts on poultry carcasses by 1.8, 1.4 and 1.8 log cfu/mL (p\u3c0.05), respectively, after 0, 3, and 6 days storage. Immediately after the treatments, EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ACS30 both reduced Escherichia coli counts significantly by 2.6 and 2.9 log cfu/mL, respectively. EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ASC30 were effective in lowering psychrotroph counts by 1 log cfu/mL on day 10 when compared to the control and distilled water treatments. This study demonstrated that EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ACS30 were effective in reducing Salmonella on inoculated chicken carcasses both after treatment and during the storage at 4.4°C for up to 6 days. In addition, reductions in psychrotroph counts indicated that these treatments might have the potential to increase the shelf-life of poultry carcasses

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Sequential Spray Applications of Decontamination Treatments on Chicken Carcasses

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sequential applications of ε-polylysine (EPL) or lauramide arginine ethyl ester (LAE) sprays followed by an acidic calcium sulfate (ACS) spray on inoculated chicken carcasses to reduce Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovars including Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis) contamination during 6 days of storage (4.4°C). Secondly, reductions of the resident microflora were studied on uninoculated chicken carcasses following the sequential application of the treatments, chilling and 10 days of storage at 4.4°C. The treatment of Salmonella inoculated carcasses with 300 mg/L EPL followed by 30% ACS (EPL300-ACS30) sprays reduced Salmonella counts initially by 1.5 log cfu/mL and then by 1.2 log cfu/mL (p<0.05) following 6 days of storage at 4.4°C. Likewise, 200 mg/L LAE followed by 30% ACS (LAE200-ACS30) treatment reduced initial Salmonella counts on poultry carcasses by 1.8, 1.4 and 1.8 log cfu/mL (p<0.05), respectively, after 0, 3, and 6 days storage. Immediately after the treatments, EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ACS30 both reduced Escherichia coli counts significantly by 2.6 and 2.9 log cfu/mL, respectively. EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ASC30 were effective in lowering psychrotroph counts by 1 log cfu/mL on day 10 when compared to the control and distilled water treatments. This study demonstrated that EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ACS30 were effective in reducing Salmonella on inoculated chicken carcasses both after treatment and during the storage at 4.4°C for up to 6 days. In addition, reductions in psychrotroph counts indicated that these treatments might have the potential to increase the shelf-life of poultry carcasses. (Key Words: Salmonella, Poultry, Chicken, Storage, Decontamination, Sequential Treatments

Biomapping of Microbial Indicators on Beef Subprimals Subjected to Spray or Dry Chilling over Prolonged Refrigerated Storage

As the global meat market moves to never frozen alternatives, meat processors seek opportunities for increasing the shelf life of fresh meats by combinations of proper cold chain management, barrier technologies, and antimicrobial interventions. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of spray and dry chilling combined with hot water carcass treatments on the levels of microbial indicator organisms during the long-term refrigerated storage of beef cuts. Samples were taken using EZ-Reach™ sponge samplers with 25 mL buffered peptone water over a 100 cm2 area of the striploin. Sample collection was conducted before the hot carcass wash, after wash, and after the 24 h carcass chilling. Chilled striploins were cut into four sections, individually vacuum packaged, and stored to be sampled at 0, 45, 70, and 135 days (n = 200) of refrigerated storage and distribution. Aerobic plate counts, enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, coliforms, and psychrotroph counts were evaluated for each sample. Not enough evidence (p &gt; 0.05) was found indicating the hot water wash intervention reduced bacterial concentration on the carcass surface. E. coli was below detection limits (&lt;0.25 CFU/cm2) in most of the samples taken. No significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) was found between coliform counts throughout the sampling dates. Feed type did not seem to influence the (p &gt; 0.25) microbial load of the treatments. Even though no immediate effect was seen when comparing spray or dry chilling of the samples at day 0, as the product aged, a significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) concentration of aerobic and psychrotrophic organisms in dry-chilled samples could be observed when compared to their spray-chilled counterparts. Data collected can be used to select alternative chilling systems to maximize shelf life in vacuum packaged beef kept over prolonged storage periods

Differences between familial and sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy: ESC EORP Cardiomyopathy & Myocarditis registry

Aims: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complex disease where genetics interplay with extrinsic factors. This study aims to compare the phenotype, management, and outcome of familial DCM (FDCM) and non-familial (sporadic) DCM (SDCM) across Europe. Methods and results: Patients with DCM that were enrolled in the prospective ESC EORP Cardiomyopathy & Myocarditis Registry were included. Baseline characteristics, genetic testing, genetic yield, and outcome were analysed comparing FDCM and SDCM; 1260 adult patients were studied (238 FDCM, 707 SDCM, and 315 not disclosed). Patients with FDCM were younger (P\ua0<\ua00.01), had less severe disease phenotype at presentation (P\ua0<\ua00.02), more favourable baseline cardiovascular risk profiles (P\ua0 64\ua00.007), and less medication use (P\ua0 64\ua00.042). Outcome at 1\ua0year was similar and predicted by NYHA class (HR 0.45; 95% CI [0.25\u20130.81]) and LVEF per % decrease (HR 1.05; 95% CI [1.02\u20131.08]. Throughout Europe, patients with FDCM received more genetic testing (47% vs. 8%, P\ua0<\ua00.01) and had higher genetic yield (55% vs. 22%, P\ua0<\ua00.01). Conclusions: We observed that FDCM and SDCM have significant differences at baseline but similar short-term prognosis. Whether modification of associated cardiovascular risk factors provide opportunities for treatment remains to be investigated. Our results also show a prevalent role of genetics in FDCM and a non-marginal yield in SDCM although genetic testing is largely neglected in SDCM. Limited genetic testing and heterogeneity in panels provides a scaffold for improvement of guideline adherence

ESICM LIVES 2016: part two : Milan, Italy. 1-5 October 2016.

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