Process intensification for production of a Peste des Petites Ruminants Virus (PPRV) vaccine

Peste des Petites Ruminants Virus (PPRV) is a highly contagious disease affecting small ruminants in Africa and Asian countries, with negative/significant economic impact. Aiming to eradicate the disease, a novel/scalable PPRV vaccine production process is clearly needed. Built upon work previously done at iBET, a new production process is herein proposed using Vero cells growing on microcarriers, serum-free medium (SFM) and stirred-tank bioreactors (STB). This includes a new method for cells detachment from microcarriers, and perfusion culture for reducing turnaround time. The PPRV vaccine production process was developed in 2L STB (BIOSTAT DCU-3, Sartorius) using Nigeria 75/1 strain. Engineering correlations (e.g. shear stress and Eddy size) were used to optimize culture conditions. Vero cells were adapted to grow in ProVeroTM-1 SFM (Sartorius). A new enzymatic and mechanical method for in situ cell detachment from microcarriers was designed. PBS washing, TrypLE Select and trypsin inhibitor concentrations, and stirring rates were the variables explored. Perfusion culture was evaluated in 2L STB (equipped with spin-filter) in order to reduce seed-train preparation time. PPRV were clarified using depth filtration (Sartopure PP2, Sartorius). Vero cells were adapted to ProVeroTM-1 SFM, reaching growth rates of 0.03 h-1 (similar to serum-containing cultures). The new in situ cell detachment method was successfully implemented, with yields above 80%; no impact on cell re-attachment or virus productivity was observed. A two-fold increase in maximum cell concentration was obtained using perfusion when compared to batch culture. Combining the new in situ cell detachment method with perfusion culture will enable the scale-up to 20L STB directly from a 2L STB, surpassing the need for a mid-scale platform and thus reducing seed-train preparation time. The potential of depth filtration for PPRV clarification (upon microcarriers sedimentation) could be confirmed, with yields up to 90%. Process scalability will be validated at the 20L scale in Sartorius BIOSTAT C-Plus (using engineering correlations such as shear stress and Kolmogorov-Eddy size as scale-up criteria) by comparing cells growth, metabolic and PPRV production kinetics to those achieved in 2L STB. In conclusion, the novel/scalable vaccine production process herein proposed has potential to assist the upcoming vaccination program for eradication of PPRV disease

L'Association des Elèves de l'UniCampo (AAUC) : d'un réseau d'acteurs à une organisation de développement

The main objective of APPRI Workshop was to analyse conditions for implementing alternative action-research practices in partnership for development, taking into account the difficulties of "official" research and of the rural world, faced with the major challenges of sustainable development in the South. One originality of APPRI was to compare experiences from rural zones of Africa, with those of the UNICAMPO Peasants' University set up 10 years ago in the Brazilian Nordeste, a semi-arid region where small holders' farms exhibit some major similarities with those in Drylands Africa. The "Peasants' University" concept was unanimously chosen as a place to unify partnership initiatives bringing together research, rural development officers, farmer's organizations and rural communities. These Peasants' Universities will be places of learning where a common vision is shared for implementing development and environmental improvement activities. The APPRI group unanimously accepted that technical and institutional innovation in partnership is paramount. It needs to be co-constructed from local know-how and scientific and technical knowledge. Information and communication between all those involved in development needs to be revised and strengthened for ore interactivity and efficiency in order to contribute to cultural recognition and social economic transformation of rural communities. L'objectif de l'atelier APPRI était principalement d'analyser les conditions de mise en œuvre de pratiques alternatives de recherche-action en partenariat pour le développement, prenant en compte les difficultés de la recherche "officielle" et du monde rural face aux grands enjeux du développement durable au Sud. Une originalité d'APPRI était de confronter les expériences des zones rurales africaines à celles de l'Université Paysanne UNICAMPO mise en place depuis 10 ans dans le Nordeste brésilien, région semi-aride où les petites exploitations familiales présentent de grandes similitudes avec celles des zones sèches d'Afrique. Le concept d' "Université Paysanne" a été retenu à l'unanimité comme lieu de fédération d'initiatives en partenariat regroupant la recherche, les agents du développement rural, les organisations et groupements de producteurs et les communautés rurales. Ces universités paysannes seront des lieux d'apprentissage où se partage une vision commune pour la mise en œuvre d'actions de développement et de valorisation du milieu destinées. De façon unanime, le groupe APPRI2008 admet que l'innovation technique et institutionnelle en partenariat est centrale. Elle doit être co-construite à partir des savoirs locaux et de la connaissance scientifique et technique. L'information et la communication entre tous les acteurs du développement doivent être repensées et renforcées pour être plus interactives et plus efficaces afin de participer à la reconnaissance culturelle et la transformation sociale et économique des communautés rurales

Transposition of the antitrust damages directive : critical observations

This article concerns the developing area of private enforcement of EU competition law, providing an analysis of the transposition across a broad selection of Member States (“MS”) of a major EU Directive introduced with the aim of harmonizing and facilitating competition law damages actions across the European Union. It provides an overview of the EU Antitrust Damages Directive (2014/104/EU), looks at the transposition outcomes in sixteen MS, briefly assessing the solutions followed by each of those MS in addressing the various issues raised by the Directive. In particular the article will consider a range of problems and limitations identified in relation to both the Directive itself and its transposition

La adopción de innovaciones en los tribunales laborales en Brasil desde la perspectiva de jueces y administradores judiciales

Há uma lacuna de estudos relacionados ao processo de inovação no Judiciário. Para contribuir para preencher esta lacuna, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever percepções de juízes e gestores de tribunais trabalhistas brasileiros relacionados a recursos e capacidades associadas com o desenvolvimento e a adoção de inovação, representada pelo processo judicial eletrônico, o impacto no desempenho do tribunal e fatores que facilitam ou dificultam a adoção de inovações. Análise documental e 35 entrevistas foram realizadas - nove com juízes e 26 com gestores - e os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo com categorização a priori. Os resultados evidenciam que: (i) o processo de desenvolvimento e adoção de inovação ocorre de três formas - centralizada em órgãos de cúpula, por meio de parcerias com outros tribunais ou por meio de desenvolvimento interno; (ii) existem importantes recursos e capacidades internas aos tribunais e rotinas inter-organizacionais associadas ao processo de inovação; e (iii) a inovação contribui para o desenvolvimento e integração de outras inovações e mudanças nas rotinas de trabalho. Adicionalmente, barreiras e facilitadores do processo de adoção da inovação são discutidos e uma agenda de pesquisa é apresentada.There is a lack of studies upon the innovation process in the judiciary. To contribute to filling this gap, this study aims to describe the perceptions of the Brazilian labour courts’ judges and managers related to resources and capabilities associated with the development and adoption of innovation, represented by the electronic lawsuit, and the impact on Court's performance and factors that facilitate or hinder the adoption of innovations. A document analysis and 35 interviews were conducted – nine with judges and 26 with court managers – and the data were analyzed using a content analysis with a priori categorization. The results show the following: (i) the process of development and adoption of innovation occurs in three ways – centralized in higher bodies, through partnerships with other courts or through internal development; (ii) there are important resources and capabilities internal to courts and inter-organizational routines associated with the innovation process; and (iii) innovation contributes to the development and integration of other innovations and changes in working routines. Additionally, barriers to and facilitators of the innovation adoption process are discussed and a research agenda is stated.Hay una falta de estudios acerca del proceso de innovación en el poder judicial. Para contribuir a rellenar esa laguna, en el presente estudio se busca describir las percepciones de jueces y administradores de tribunales laborales brasileños referentes a recursos y capacidades relativas al desarrollo y la adopción de innovación –representada por el proceso judicial electrónico–; el impacto en el desempeño del tribunal y factores que facilitan o dificultan la adopción de innovaciones. Se llevaron a cabo un análisis de documentos y 35 entrevistas – nueve con jueces y 26 con gestores – y se analizaron los datos mediante un estudio de contenido de categorización a priori. Los resultados muestran que: (i) el proceso de desarrollo y la adopción de la innovación ocurre de tres formas – centralizada en organismos superiores, por medio de asociaciones con otros tribunales, o mediante el desarrollo interno; (ii) existen importantes recursos y capacidades internas a los tribunales y rutinas interorganizacionales relacionadas con el proceso de innovación; (iii) la innovación contribuye al desarrollo y la integración de otras innovaciones y cambios en las rutinas de trabajo. Asimismo, se discuten las barreras y facilitadores de este proceso y se propone una agenda de estudios

La adopción de innovaciones en los tribunales laborales en Brasil desde la perspectiva de jueces y administradores judiciales

There is a lack of studies upon the innovation process in the judiciary. To contribute to filling this gap, this study aims to describe the perceptions of the Brazilian labour courts’ judges and managers related to resources and capabilities associated with the development and adoption of innovation, represented by the electronic lawsuit, and the impact on Court’s performance and factors that facilitate or hinder the adoption of innovations. A document analysis and 35 interviews were conducted – nine with judges and 26 with court managers – and the data were analyzed using a content analysis with a priori categorization. The results show the following: (i) the process of development and adoption of innovation occurs in three ways – centralized in higher bodies, through partnerships with other courts or through internal development; (ii) there are important resources and capabilities internal to courts and inter-organizational routines associated with the innovation process; and (iii) innovation contributes to the development and integration of other innovations and changes in working routines. Additionally, barriers to and facilitators of the innovation adoption process are discussed and a research agenda is statedHay una falta de estudios acerca del proceso de innovación en el poder judicial. Para contribuir a rellenar esa laguna, en el presente estudio se busca describir las percepciones de jueces y administradores de tribunales laborales brasilenos ˜ referentes a recursos y capacidades relativas al desarrollo y la adopción de innovación –representada por el proceso judicial electrónico–; el impacto en el desempeno˜ del tribunal y factores que facilitan o dificultan la adopción de innovaciones. Se llevaron a cabo un análisis de documentos y 35 entrevistas – nueve con jueces y 26 con gestores – y se analizaron los datos mediante un estudio de contenido de categorización a priori. Los resultados muestran que: (i) el proceso de desarrollo y la adopción de la innovación ocurre de tres formas – centralizada en organismos superiores, por medio de asociaciones con otros tribunales, o mediante el desarrollo interno; (ii) existen importantes recursos y capacidades internas a los tribunales y rutinas interorganizacionales relacionadas con el proceso de innovación; (iii) la innovación contribuye al desarrollo y la integración de otras innovaciones y cambios en las rutinas de trabajo. Asimismo, se discuten las barreras y facilitadores de este proceso y se propone una agenda de estudiosHá uma lacuna de estudos relacionados ao processo de inovação no Judiciário. Para contribuir para preencher esta lacuna, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever percepções de juízes e gestores de tribunais trabalhistas brasileiros relacionados a recursos e capacidades associadas com o desenvolvimento e a adoção de inovação, representada pelo processo judicial eletrônico, o impacto no desempenho do tribunal e fatores que facilitam ou dificultam a adoção de inovações. Análise documental e 35 entrevistas foram realizadas - nove com juízes e 26 com gestores - e os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo com categorização a priori. Os resultados evidenciam que: (i) o processo de desenvolvimento e adoção de inovação ocorre de três formas - centralizada em órgãos de cúpula, por meio de parcerias com outros tribunais ou por meio de desenvolvimento interno; (ii) existem importantes recursos e capacidades internas aos tribunais e rotinas inter-organizacionais associadas ao processo de inovação; e (iii) a inovação contribui para o desenvolvimento e integração de outras inovações e mudanças nas rotinas de trabalho. Adicionalmente, barreiras e facilitadores do processo de adoção da inovação são discutidos e uma agenda de pesquisa é apresentad

Innovation in judicial services:: a study of innovation models in labor courts

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to identify innovation models in the judiciary according to the current integrated theoretical approach for innovation in services. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a quantitative approach. The authors collected the data through a questionnaire sent to labor court public servants and judges in a Regional Labor Court in the Midwestern region of Brazil. They performed a principal component analysis to identify the factors to map the innovation models present in the court. Findings – Two factors were obtained from the results, which describe innovations in processes and services in the court studied. In terms of the examples of innovations cited by the respondents, one may note that those related to information and communications technology are the most remembered, especially the introduction of the electronic lawsuit. Originality/value – The results can contribute toward a deeper understanding of which vectors of service innovation are affected as well as the nature of the court’s underlying structure. Also, the research instrument used allows the identification and analysis of the innovation model for services and thus contributes to its validation