Інституціональна структура суспільства та економічна безпека держави

У статті розглядається взаємозв’язок між інституціональною структурою суспільства та економічною безпекою держави. Виділено інститути, які мають найбільший вплив на економічну безпеку держави.The article is concerned with institutional structure and economic state security and its correlation. It focus on institutes that it have potent influence on economic state security

Marine and Coastal Information Systems for Europe and Africa

Marine Information Systems for Europe (EMIS, http://emis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/) and Africa (AMIS, http://amis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/) have been recently developed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission to provide the Users with an appropriate set of bio-physical information, of importance to conduct water quality assessment, resource monitoring and climate change studies in the coastal and marine waters. These systems are simple and easy-to-use mapping tool applications, created for the publication and dissemination of African and European marine information via the web. Both systems rely mostly on Earth Observation data from optical and thermal sensors, processed according to standard (i.e., space agency-related) and in-house peer-reviewed algorithms, as well modeled data, to generate indicators for global diagnostic of the coastal state and analyses of changes in marine ecosystems. In addition, the systems supply the users with basic navigation and interrogation tools with a range of time-series and statistical analysis generated automatically in a format ready for publication / reporting, and enabling decision makers to make full and lasting use of this information.JRC.H.5-Land Resources Managemen

Methods for the Laboratory Evaluation of HAV-Related Comfort in Cyclists

Cyclists are exposed to hand–arm vibration (HAV) for prolonged periods of time during training sessions and competitions. The vibration can reduce perceived comfort, thus limiting the ability of the cyclist to control the bike in endurance sessions. The study of HAV in cyclists in a controlled environment allows for comparisons between the effects of different postures, materials and technical solutions on perceived discomfort and on the vibration transmitted to specific body segments. This paper describes the experimental setup, the measurement chain and the data processing for the evaluation of bike comfort in the laboratory. The setup is based on single-axis or multiaxial shakers; the time history of the input vibration can be derived from on-field measurements for comparative analyses or can be selected from among classical stimuli for frequency response function evaluation (sine sweep or white noise). Comfort can be quantified via questionnaires; objective measurements can be derived from vibrations measured at different body locations using wearable accelerometers or laser doppler vibrometers. A case study is presented and discussed

Le societ\ue0 a partecipazione pubblica nel contesto italiano: classificazione, evoluzione normativa, natura giuridica e disciplina applicabile

La diffusione delle societ\ue0 pubbliche in Italia deriva da un'iniziale propensione imprenditoriale degli enti pubblici, dall'avvio, negli anni novanta, alle privatizzazioni formali, dall'intento di eludere la rigidit\ue0 dell\u2019azione amministrativa e dalla necessit\ue0 di esternalizzare quote importanti del bilancio pubblico. L'impiego di tale strumento ha portato a notevoli criticit\ue0 per: - la sottrazione di interi settori del mercato ai privati; - gestioni inefficienti e sperpero di risorse pubbliche; - l\u2019elusione dei vincoli pubblicistici, quali quelli di finanza pubblica e quelli relativi all'assunzione del personale e all\u2019acquisto di beni e servizi; - il conferimento d'incarichi secondo criteri clientelari; - l\u2019utilizzo della societ\ue0 come strumento politico di tipo assistenziale. Il legislatore ha tentato di limitare le criticit\ue0, introducendo vincoli all'operativit\ue0 delle societ\ue0 pubbliche, cercando di \u201cmoralizzare\u201d il fenomeno introducendo tetti ad alcune categorie di spese a spiccata matrice politica, impedendo che la forma privatistica favorisse l\u2019elusione di disposizioni proprie dei soggetti pubblici. I risultati concreti sono stati inconcludenti, frutto di un insieme confuso di disposizioni speciali. Col \u201cTesto Unico delle societ\ue0 a partecipazione pubblica\u201d (comunque non onnicomprensivo della materia), il Governo ha inteso razionalizzare il quadro normativo attraverso disposizioni omogenee, che partono dal principio che le societ\ue0 partecipate sono soggetti privati e che le norme speciali si giustificano solo se strettamente necessarie secondo il principio di proporzionalit\ue0. Vengono previsti strumenti di monitoraggio interno, che evidenzino per tempo eventuali segnali di inefficienza o di crisi della societ\ue0, di controlli amministrativi e giurisdizionali pi\uf9 veloci ed efficaci e, infine, di sanzioni. Tra gli aspetti pi\uf9 importanti del decreto vi \ue8 la chiara individuazione delle finalit\ue0 perseguibili con lo strumento societario e il rafforzamento degli obblighi motivazionali

Visual Intuitions in the Absence of Visual Experience: The Role of Direct Experience in Concreteness and Imageability Judgements

The strongest formulations of grounded cognition assume that perceptual intuitions about concepts involve the re-activation of sensorimotor experience we have made with their referents in the world. Within this framework, concreteness and imageability ratings are indeed of crucial importance by operationalising the amount of perceptual interaction we have made with objects. Here we tested such an assumption by asking whether visual intuitions about concepts are provided accurately even when direct visual experience is absent. To this aim, we considered concreteness and imageability intuitions in blind people and tested whether these judgments are predicted by Image-based Frequency (IF, i.e. a data-driven estimate approximating the availability of the word referent in the visual environment). Results indicated that IF predicts perceptual intuitions with a larger extent in sighted compared to blind individuals, thus suggesting a role of direct experience in shaping our judgements. However, the effect of IF was significant not only in sighted but also in blind individuals. This indicates that having direct visual experience with objects does not play a critical role in making them concrete and imageable in a person’s intuitions: people do not need visual experience to develop intuition about the availability of things in the external visual environment and use this intuition to inform concreteness/imageability judgments. Our findings fit closely the idea that perceptual judgments are the outcome of introspection/abstraction tasks invoking high-level conceptual knowledge that is not necessarily acquired via direct perceptual experience

The Children and Young People’s Books Lexicon (CYP-LEX):A large-scale lexical database of books read by children and young people in the United Kingdom

This article introduces CYP-LEX, a large-scale lexical database derived from books popular with children and young people in the United Kingdom. CYP-LEX includes 1,200 books evenly distributed across three age bands (7–9, 10–12, 13+) and comprises over 70 million tokens and over 105,000 types. For each word in each age band, we provide its raw and Zipf-transformed frequencies, all parts-of-speech in which it occurs with raw frequency and lemma for each occurrence, and measures of count-based contextual diversity. Together and individually, the three CYP-LEX age bands contain substantially more words than any other publicly available database of books for primary and secondary school children. Most of these words are very low in frequency, and a substantial proportion of the words in each age band do not occur on British television. Although the three age bands share some very frequent words, they differ substantially regarding words that occur less frequently, and this pattern also holds at the level of individual books. Initial analyses of CYP-LEX illustrate why independent reading constitutes a challenge for children and young people, and they also underscore the importance of reading widely for the development of reading expertise. Overall, CYP-LEX provides unprecedented information into the nature of vocabulary in books that British children aged 7+ read, and is a highly valuable resource for those studying reading and language development