On the Long Range Clustering of Global Seismicity and its Correlation With Solar Activity: A New Perspective for Earthquake Forecasting

Large earthquakes occurring worldwide have long been recognized to be non Poisson distributed, so involving some large scale correlation mechanism, which could be internal or external to the Earth. We have recently demonstrated this observation can be explained by the correlation of global seismicity with solar activity. We inferred such a clear correlation, highly statistically significant, analyzing the ISI-GEM catalog 1996–2016, as compared to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory satellite data, reporting proton density and proton velocity in the same period. However, some questions could arise that the internal correlation of global seismicity could be mainly due to local earthquake clustering, which is a well-recognized process depending on physical mechanisms of local stress transfer. We then apply, to the ISI-GEM catalog, a simple and appropriate de-clustering procedure, meant to recognize and eliminate local clustering. As a result, we again obtain a non poissonian, internally correlated catalog, which shows the same, high level correlation with the proton density linked to solar activity. We can hence confirm that global seismicity contains a long-range correlation, not linked to local clustering processes, which is clearly linked to solar activity. Once we explain in some details the proposed mechanism for such correlation, we also give insight on how such mechanism could be used, in a near future, to help in earthquake forecasting

Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 20 genes affecting milk quality in cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo

AbstractMilk products are important dietary sources of nutrients, providing energy, high quality proteins, and a variety of vitamins and minerals. Recent researches have focused on altering fat and protein contents of milk, in order to improve its nutrient content to more suitably reflect current dietary recommendations and trends. We characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 20 candidate genes expected to have an influence on fat composition of milk in four ruminant species (cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo). Genes belonged to different families, including transporters, fatty acid biosynthesis, receptors and enzymes for saturation/desaturation. For each gene, PCR primers were designed using bovine sequence to amplify 3 gene fragments, that covered coding and non coding regions. For each gene, we found polymorphisms in at least one species, but none that was present in homologous fragments of all four species. As expected, different SNPs were found across species, but for a very few genes. We..

Biological effects of a software-controlled voltage pulse generator (PhyBack PBK-2C) on the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Electrical stimulation (ES) may induce vascular permeability and physiological angiogenesis. ES of rat muscles significantly increases the microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels. Thus, a pilot study was designed to analyze the effects of low-voltage electric impulses on VEGF levels in patients with dystrophic ulcers

Structure of cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo populations using single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes affecting lipid metabolism

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Valutazione tecnico-economica dell'applicazione delle tecnologie CCS ad impianti termoelettrici a carbone

L’applicazione della cattura della CO2 ad impianti di produzione elettrica rappresenta un processo emergente che, come tutti i sistemi non ancora tecnologicamente e commercialmente maturi, presenta numerose incertezze sia dal punto di vista tecnico sia dal punto di vista economico. Una condizione, questa, accentuata dalla recente crisi finanziaria che ha colpito tutti i Paesi. Gli scenari energetici elaborati negli ultimi anni hanno evidenziato il ruolo importante delle tecnologie CCS nella riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 e, quindi, nel processo di mitigazione dei cambiamenti climatici. Nel report “Energy Technology Perspectives” del 2010 l’IEA prevede che entro il 2050 circa il 10% di riduzione delle emissioni di anidride carbonica sarà dovuto all’introduzione delle CCS nel settore della power generation. Questa analisi si pone l’obiettivo di illustrare i costi associati all’applicazione di tali tecnologie ad impianti termoelettrici a carbone, con riferimento alle metodologie proposte dai principali Istituti internazionali che hanno pubblicato nell’ultimo triennio dati di costo e performance operative. In particolare è stato effettuato un confronto tra impianti Ultra Super Critici ed impianti di gassificazione integrata sotto opportune condizioni al contorno, utilizzando come parametri di valutazione il costo dell’elettricità e il costo della CO2 evitata. I costi presentati in questo studio hanno una natura “generica” e non rappresentano i costi di progetti specifici che possono variare notevolmente in base a fattori site‐specific come, per esempio, la presenza di particolari forme di regolamentazione ambientale, presenza di un mercato delle emissioni, incentivi finanziari e livello di rischio, ecc. Il primo capitolo illustra il background ed il quadro generale entro cui i sistemi CCS iniziano a muoversi: la crescente attenzione agli aspetti di sostenibilità ambientale è un driver molto forte all’impiego di risorse fossili in modo “pulito” ed orientato ad un futuro di zero emissions. I capitoli 2 e 3, invece, introducono rispettivamente gli impianti termoelettrici a carbone e i sistemi di CCS dal punto di vista strettamente tecnologico, evidenziando quali sono le criticità che dovranno essere affrontate e risolte per l’ottenimento di prestazioni sempre migliori. Il capitolo 4 offre una panoramica sugli aspetti normativi relativi alle emissioni di CO2 ed allo stoccaggio; l’introduzione delle tecnologie di cattura della CO2, infatti, non può prescindere dai vincoli normativi esistenti oggi in Italia. Il capitolo 5 sintetizza e confronta le metodologie applicate da quattro tra i più importanti Istituti internazionali di politica energetica nelle determinazione dei costi dei sistemi CCS: il NETL‐DOE, il GCCSI, la piattaforma ZEP e l’IEA. Il capitolo 6, infine, propone una metodologia di valutazione dei costi di cattura della CO2 prendendo come input alcuni dati estrapolati dalle Organizzazioni sopracitate e facendo alcune considerazioni relative ai vincoli normativi che si prevede possano entrare in vigore. Viene inoltre effettuata un’analisi probabilistica ricorrendo al cosiddetto metodo di Monte Carlo che consente di associare ad ogni parametro in input del modello adottato non un valore deterministico ben preciso bensì una opportuna distribuzione di probabilità. In questo modo, risulta possibile caratterizzare l’incertezza e la variabilità legata ai parametri in output considerati (COE e MC)

European cattle breed cluster accordingly to their meat quality parameters

The concept of breed is rather questionable and it's used more as a tool for "labelling" production systems than as a biological category. Here, production system is intended as a whole set of animal units, techniques, breeding schemes, marketing, etc. However, man has demonstrated to be very quick in capturing and disseminating good characteristics whence they appear in a breed by mutation or by selection. Therefore, it might be expected that breeds, nevertheless of recent origin, could bear distinguished productive characteristics. Due to the quan- titative nature of them, more characteristics should be measured in order to obtain a clear and statistically significant distinction. We have measured several meat characteristics in 15 European breeds (30 individuals for each breed), mostly with beef attitude, reared in similar conditions. This was accomplished to better reveal the genetic background of breeds. A canonical discriminant analysis showed a clear distinction among breeds. In particular lipid composition of meat was able to assign individuals to breeds with 57% and 63% of individuals correctly classified respectively for neutral and phospholipids. The classification is generally good for all breeds except for the Spanish ones,indicating probably some crossing in the past for these breeds. Neutral lipids can classify double muscled breeds with high precision (84% and 95% in Asturiana de los Valles and Piedmontese respectively). Tenderness related measures (collagen, µ-calpain, m-calpain, calpastatin, MFI) poorly assign indi- viduals to breeds (average 22%). The good classification of individuals to breeds for lipid composition suggests distinctive genetic features and encourages to look further to genetic determination of fat composition in the meat, as well as to exploit particular breeds to obtain products suitable for categories of consumers needing/searching for special components in their diet

Between and within-herd variation in blood and milk biomarkers in Holstein cows in early lactation

Both blood- and milk-based biomarkers have been analysed for decades in research settings, although often only in one herd, and without focus on the variation in the biomarkers that are specifically related to herd or diet. Biomarkers can be used to detect physiological imbalance and disease risk and may have a role in precision livestock farming (PLF). For use in PLF, it is important to quantify normal variation in specific biomarkers and the source of this variation. The objective of this study was to estimate the between- and within-herd variation in a number of blood metabolites (β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and serum IGF-1), milk metabolites (free glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, urea, isocitrate, BHB and uric acid), milk enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase)) and composite indicators for metabolic imbalances (Physiological Imbalance-index and energy balance), to help facilitate their adoption within PLF. Blood and milk were sampled from 234 Holstein dairy cows from 6 experimental herds, each in a different European country, and offered a total of 10 different diets. Blood was sampled on 2 occasions at approximately 14 days-in-milk (DIM) and 35 DIM. Milk samples were collected twice weekly (in total 2750 samples) from DIM 1 to 50. Multilevel random regression models were used to estimate the variance components and to calculate the intraclass correlations (ICCs). The ICCs for the milk metabolites, when adjusted for parity and DIM at sampling, demonstrated that between 12% (glucose-6-phosphate) and 46% (urea) of the variation in the metabolites’ levels could be associated with the herd-diet combination. Intraclass Correlations related to the herd-diet combination were generally higher for blood metabolites, from 17% (cholesterol) to approximately 46% (BHB and urea). The high ICCs for urea suggest that this biomarker can be used for monitoring on herd level. The low variance within cow for NAGase indicates that few samples would be needed to describe the status and potentially a general reference value could be used. The low ICC for most of the biomarkers and larger within cow variation emphasises that multiple samples would be needed - most likely on the individual cows - for making the biomarkers useful for monitoring. The majority of biomarkers were influenced by parity and DIM which indicate that these should be accounted for if the biomarker should be used for monitoring

Measuring CMB spectral distortions from Antarctica with COSMO: blackbody calibrator design and performance forecast

COSMO is a ground-based instrument to measure the spectral distortions (SD) of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). In this paper, we present preliminary results of electromagnetic simulations of its reference blackbody calibrator. HFSS simulations provide a calibrator reflection coefficient of R∼ 10 - 6, corresponding to an emissivity ϵ= 1 - R= 0.999999. We also provide a forecast for the instrument performance by using an ILC-based simulation. We show that COSMO can extract the isotropic Comptonization parameter (modeled as | y| = 1.77 · 10 - 6) as | y| = (1.79 ± 0.19) · 10 - 6, in the presence of the main Galactic foreground (thermal dust) and of CMB anisotropies, and assuming perfect atmospheric emission removal

Global transcriptomic profiles of circulating leucocytes in early lactation cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis

Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, which is classified as subclinical or clinical. Circulating neutrophils are recruited to the udder to help combat infection. We compared the transcriptomic profiles in circulating leukocytes between healthy cows and those with naturally occurring subclinical or clinical mastitis. Holstein Friesian dairy cows from six farms in EU countries were recruited. Based on milk somatic cell count and clinical records, cows were classified as healthy (n = 144), subclinically (n = 48) or clinically mastitic (n = 22). Circulating leukocyte RNA was sequenced with Illumina NextSeq single end reads (30 M). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the groups were identified using a DESeq 2 package, followed by GO enrichment analysis. Both subclinical and clinical mastitis caused significant changes in the leukocyte transcriptome, with more intensive changes attributed to clinical mastitis. We detected 491 DEGs between clinical and healthy groups, 350 DEGs between subclinical and healthy groups and 170 DEGs between clinical and subclinical groups. Most DEGs were associated with cell killing and immune processes. Many upregulated DEGs in clinical mastitis encoded antimicrobial peptides (AZU1, CAMP, CATHL1, CATHL2, CATHL4, CATHL5, CATHL6, DEFB1, DEFB10, DEFB4A, DEFB7, LCN2, PGLYRP1, S100A9, TF and LTF) which were not upregulated in subclinical mastitis. This suggests that the leukocytes will have greater killing capacity in cows with clinical mastitis. We have, for the first time, described circulating leukocyte transcriptomic profiles in naturally occurring subclinical mastitis and assessed their differences from healthy cows and those with clinical mastitis

A second generation radiation hybrid map to aid the assembly of the bovine genome sequence

BACKGROUND: Several approaches can be used to determine the order of loci on chromosomes and hence develop maps of the genome. However, all mapping approaches are prone to errors either arising from technical deficiencies or lack of statistical support to distinguish between alternative orders of loci. The accuracy of the genome maps could be improved, in principle, if information from different sources was combined to produce integrated maps. The publicly available bovine genomic sequence assembly with 6× coverage (Btau_2.0) is based on whole genome shotgun sequence data and limited mapping data however, it is recognised that this assembly is a draft that contains errors. Correcting the sequence assembly requires extensive additional mapping information to improve the reliability of the ordering of sequence scaffolds on chromosomes. The radiation hybrid (RH) map described here has been contributed to the international sequencing project to aid this process. RESULTS: An RH map for the 30 bovine chromosomes is presented. The map was built using the Roslin 3000-rad RH panel (BovGen RH map) and contains 3966 markers including 2473 new loci in addition to 262 amplified fragment-length polymorphisms (AFLP) and 1231 markers previously published with the first generation RH map. Sequences of the mapped loci were aligned with published bovine genome maps to identify inconsistencies. In addition to differences in the order of loci, several cases were observed where the chromosomal assignment of loci differed between maps. All the chromosome maps were aligned with the current 6× bovine assembly (Btau_2.0) and 2898 loci were unambiguously located in the bovine sequence. The order of loci on the RH map for BTA 5, 7, 16, 22, 25 and 29 differed substantially from the assembled bovine sequence. From the 2898 loci unambiguously identified in the bovine sequence assembly, 131 mapped to different chromosomes in the BovGen RH map. CONCLUSION: Alignment of the BovGen RH map with other published RH and genetic maps showed higher consistency in marker order and chromosome assignment than with the current 6× sequence assembly. This suggests that the bovine sequence assembly could be significantly improved by incorporating additional independent mapping information