5,803 research outputs found
Vulnerability and Protection of Critical Infrastructures
Critical infrastructure networks are a key ingredient of modern society. We
discuss a general method to spot the critical components of a critical
infrastructure network, i.e. the nodes and the links fundamental to the perfect
functioning of the network. Such nodes, and not the most connected ones, are
the targets to protect from terrorist attacks. The method, used as an
improvement analysis, can also help to better shape a planned expansion of the
network.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, 3 table
S = 3 Ground State for a Tetranuclear Mn^(IV)âOâ Complex Mimicking the Sâ State of the Oxygen Evolving Complex
The Sâ state is currently the last observable intermediate prior to OâO bond formation at the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II, and its electronic structure has been assigned to a homovalent Mn^(IV)â core with an S = 3 ground state. While structural interpretations based on the EPR spectroscopic features of the Sâ state provide valuable mechanistic insight, corresponding synthetic and spectroscopic studies on tetranuclear complexes mirroring the Mn oxidation states of the Sâ state remain rare. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization by XAS and multifrequency EPR spectroscopy of a Mn^(IV)âOâ cuboidal complex as a spectroscopic model of the Sâ state. Results show that this Mn^(IV)âOâ complex has an S = 3 ground state with isotropic â”â”Mn hyperfine coupling constants of â75, â88, â91, and 66 MHz. These parameters are consistent with an αααÎČ spin topology approaching the trimerâmonomer magnetic coupling model of pseudo-octahedral Mn^(IV) centers. Importantly, the spin ground state changes from S = 1/2 to S = 3 as the OEC is oxidized from the Sâ state to the Sâ state. This same spin state change is observed following oxidation of the previously reported Mn^(III)Mn^(IV)âOâ cuboidal complex to the Mn^(IV)âOâ complex described here. This sets a synthetic precedent for the observed low-spin to high-spin conversion in the OEC
ParasitĂłides de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) coletados em Itumbiara, GoiĂĄs
Foram determinadas as espĂ©cies de parasitĂłides associadas com Chrysomya megacephala, coletados com isca de rins de bovino, em Itumbiara, Estado de GoiĂĄs. As pupas foram obtidas pelo mĂ©todo de flutuação, individualizadas em cĂĄpsulas de gelatina e mantidas atĂ© a emergĂȘncia das moscas e/ou dos parasitĂłides. A prevalĂȘncia total de parasitismo foi de 18,6%. Brachymeria podagrica, Nasonia vitripennis e Pachycrepoideus vindemiae apresentaram uma freqĂŒĂȘncia de 8,6%, 8,6% e 1,4%, respectivamente. Relata-se a primeira ocorrĂȘncia de Brachymeria podagrica em pupas de Chrysomya megacephala.This study determined the species of parasitoids associated with Chrysomya megacephala, collected on bovine kidney baits, in Itumbiara, State of Goias, Brazil. The pupae were obtained by flotation. They were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergence of the adult flies or their parasitoids. The overall prevalence of parasitism was 18.6%. Brachymeria podagrica, Nasonia vitripennis and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae presented frequencies of 8.6%, 8.6% and 1.4%, respectively. This work reports for the first time the occurrence of Brachymeria podagrica in pupae of Chrysomya megacephala
O SUB-BOSQUE DE REFLORESTAMENTOS DE PINUS EM SĂTIOS DEGRADADOS DA REGIĂO DA FLORESTA ESTACIONAL DECIDUAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Analisou-se o sub-bosque de 12 povoamentos de Pinus sp. e um de Araucaria angustifolia O.Ktze., crescendo em solos degradados pelo uso agrĂcola na chamada 4a ColĂŽnia do Rio Grande do Sul. A Araucaria foi semeada diretamente, um dos povoamentos de Pinus, de 10 anos, resultou de uma renovação natural, os demais provĂȘm de plantios de 25 a 30 anos atrĂĄs. Em 575 parcelas de 25 mÂČ cada, distribuĂdas sistematicamente nos povoamentos, foram levantados o estrato arbĂłreo e a vegetação inferior, classificada em estratos de 0,3 a 1,3 m e maior que 1,3 m; no estrato inferior a 0,3 m somente a renovação natural de Pinus foi contada. A vegetação interna dos povoamentos se compĂŽs de 121 espĂ©cies lenhosas, incluindo espĂ©cies desde comuns atĂ© nobres, mas tambĂ©m ornamentais ou frutĂferas nativas e exĂłticas. Um bom nĂșmero de espĂ©cies, porĂ©m, ocorreu com poucos representantes. AlĂ©m disso registrou-se a presença freqĂŒente de espĂ©cies nĂŁo-arbĂłreas como ervas, gramas, samambaias e cipĂłs. O nĂșmero de espĂ©cies e o grau de cobertura do sub-bosque nĂŁo dependiam da densidade do estrato superior de pinheiros. A abundĂąncia e a freqĂŒĂȘncia das espĂ©cies nĂŁo variavam significativamente entre parcelas do centro dos povoamentos e da faixa perifĂ©rica. O padrĂŁo de distribuição espacial das plantas dentro dos povoamentos foi quantificado pelo Ăndice de Cox. O Ăndice de Shannon foi usado como medida da diversidade em espĂ©cies; pelo Ăndice de Sörensen foi estudada a semelhança dos povoamentos. Conclui-se que plantios de exĂłticas nessa regiĂŁo nĂŁo somente podem ser de interesse para os agricultores pelo elevado potencial produtivo em madeira, como tambĂ©m significam manchas de inesperada biodiversidade numa paisagem degradada. A riqueza do sub-bosque possivelmente se deve ĂĄ extensĂŁo reduzida desses povoamentos
Structural Effects of Ammonia Binding to the Mn_4CaO_5 Cluster of Photosystem II
The Mn_4CaO_5 oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of two substrate waters to molecular oxygen. ELDOR-detected NMR along with computational studies indicated that ammonia, a substrate analogue, binds as a terminal ligand to the Mn4A ion trans to the O5 Ό_4 oxido bridge. Results from electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy confirmed this and showed that ammonia hydrogen bonds to the carboxylate side chain of D1-Asp61. Here we further probe the environment of OEC with an emphasis on the proximity of exchangeable protons, comparing ammonia-bound and unbound forms. Our ESEEM and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) results indicate that ammonia substitutes for the W1 terminal water ligand without significantly altering the electronic structure of the OEC
Constancy, dominance and monthly frequency of muscoid flies (Diptera) and their parasitoids associated with bovine fresh dung in UberlĂąndia, MG
Ten samples of bovine dung were taken at random, each month, from pats approximately one week old, placed in plastic containers and taken to the laboratory. Arthropods were extracted by flotation in water. Pupae were individually placed in gelatin capsules until emergence of adult flies or their parasitoids. In this site, 50% of the hosts were more abundant during the warm humid season. Parasitoids were more abundant during the dry warm season. Palaeosepsis insularis Williston e Eucoilidae sp.3 were the dominants species.Mensalmente, 10 amostras de esterco bovino com aproximadamente uma semana de idade foram colhidas aleatoriamente nas pastagens, transportadas para o laboratĂłrio, e postas em baldes com ĂĄgua. Os artrĂłpodes eram extraĂdos dessas amostras cinco dias apĂłs a coleta no campo. As pupas eram retiradas com peneira e acondicionadas individualmente em cĂĄpsulas de gelatina atĂ© sua emergĂȘncia ou a de seus parasitĂłides. Neste sitio, 50% dos hospedeiros predominaram na estação quente e Ășmida; os parasitĂłides predominaram na estação fria e seca. As espĂ©cies Palaeosepsis insularis Williston e Eucoilidae sp.3 foram dominantes.37538
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