Parámetros nutricionales del "mate cocido" con leche preparado a partir de dos especies de Ilex y su mezcla comercial, para la población en edad escolar

The infusion at 1.5% of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) (Ip) corresponds to "cooked mate" (MC), whose combination with milk (50:50 v/v) (M) and refined sugar (S) is the "mate cocido with milk", a popular food in southern South America offered to preschool and primary education students (3-13 years old) in Argentina. Another species of the genus, I. dumosa Reissek (Id), has low caffeine; appears in the market as an Id:Ip (70:30 w/w) mixture. The substitution of Ip by the mentioned mixture maintains analogous nutritional values and significantly lowers the caffeine levels (α=0.05); this allows for a higher consumption of the food during the day, without reaching the xanthine daily limits (40-100 mg day-1) for the age range, favoring the students intellectual and physical performance without adverse effects. The daily intake of a double serving (breakfast and afternoon snack) of MC+M+S provides high energy and is a source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins A, B1, B2, B5, B6, and B12, biotin and essential minerals (Mn, P, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, K, Fe and Al), with low cholesterol. The nutritional parameters are within international limits. Heavy metals do not make it to the infusion or they remain well below harmful values.La infusión al 1,5% de "yerba mate" (Ilex paraguariensis A.St. -Hil.) (Ip) constituye el "mate cocido" (MC), que con leche (50:50 v/v) (M) y azúcar refinada (S) es el "mate cocido con leche", alimento popular en el Cono Sur de América ofrecido en la escuela a niños de educación inicial y primaria (3-13 años) en Argentina. Otra especie del género, I. dumosa Reissek (Id), tiene baja cafeína; se presenta en el mercado en mezcla con Ip (Id:Ip 70:30 p/p). Sustituyendo Ip por la mezcla, el MC+M+S mantiene valores nutricionales análogos con niveles significativamente bajos de cafeína (α=0.05); aún con consumos diarios altos de este alimento, no se alcanza los límites de xantinas establecidos para el rango etario (40-100 mg día-1), favoreciendo el desempeño intelectual y físico sin efectos adversos. La ingesta diaria de una doble porción (desayuno y merienda) de MC+M+S aporta altos valores energéticos y es fuente de carbohidratos, proteínas, vitaminas A, B1, B2, B5, B6 y B12, biotina y minerales esenciales (Mn, P, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, K, Fe y Al), con bajo colesterol. Los parámetros nutricionales están comprendidos dentro de límites internacionales. Los metales pesados no pasan a la infusión, o están muy por debajo de los valores peligrosos.Fil: Maiocchi, Marcos G.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Corrales, Lorena. Universidad Nacional del NordesteFil: Cardoso-Schiavi, Paulina. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Serrano, Natalia. Universidad Nacional del NordesteFil: Petenatti, Elisa M.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Marchevsky, Eduardo J.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasFil: Del Vitto, Luis A.. Universidad Nacional de San Lui

Composición multielemental y valor nutricional de "dumosa" (Ilex dumosa), "yerba mate" (I. paraguariensis) y su mezcla comercial en diferentes formas de uso

The multielement composition and nutritional value of "dumosa" (Ilex dumosa) (ID), "yerba mate" (I. paraguariensis) (IP) and their commercial 70:30 mixture (ID:IP, w/w) in crude drug, brewed mate and tea-bag-like infusion were studied by ICP-OES. This method allowed the detection of an unprecedented number of elements for these species. The order was K>Ca>Mg>P>Mn>Al>Na>Si>Fe in crude drug. IP showed higher concentration of minerals than ID, but most extractability in the latter largely offset its shortcomings. Brewed mate had higher nutritional value than mate tea because their higher solute/solvent ratio. A portion of brewed mate of both species exceeded the daily recommended intake (DRI) of Mn, and providing Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and K, too. The portions of mate tea not contribute significantly to the DRI. Some essential trace elements and many ultra-traces ones that exist in crude drug were not detected in aqueous extracts. Most of the heavy metals were not leached into extracts, and in any case never exceeded international safety limits. Therefore, the aqueous extracts of ID and IP and its mixture are interesting from the nutritional point of view in minerales, and safe in terms of health.La composición multielemental y el valor nutricional de "dumosa" (Ilex dumosa) (ID), "yerba mate" (I. paraguariensis) (IP) y su mezcla comercial 70:30 (ID:IP, p/p) fue estudiada por ICP-OES en droga cruda y dos formas de consumo: "cebadura" y "mate cocido". Este método permitió detectar un número sin precedentes de elementos en estas especies. En droga cruda, el orden resultó K>Ca>Mg>P>Mn>Al>Na>Si>Fe. IP mostró mayor concentración de minerales que ID, pero la mayor extractabilidad en esta última compensó en gran medida sus deficiencias. La cebadura mostró mayor valor nutricional que la infusión, a causa de su mayor relación soluto/disolvente. La porción de cebadura de ambas especies superó la ingesta diaria recomendada (IDR) de Mn, aportando también Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn y K. La porción de mate cocido no contribuyó significativamente a la IDR. Algunos elementos traza esenciales y muchos ultra-trazas presentes en droga cruda no fueron detectados en los extractos acuosos. La mayoría de los metales pesados no fueron lixiviados hacia los extractos, y en todo caso nunca excedieron los límites de seguridad internacionales. Por ello, los extractos acuosos de ID e IP y sus mezclas son interesantes desde el punto de vista nutricional y son seguros en cuanto a la salud.Fil: Maiocchi, Marcos G.. Universidad Nacional del NordesteFil: Del Vitto, Luis A.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Petenatti, Marta E.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Avanza, María V.. Universidad Nacional del NordesteFil: Pellerano, Roberto G.. Universidad Nacional del NordesteFil: Petenatti, Elisa M.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Marchevsky, Eduardo J.

Micrografía cuantitativa y perfiles de HPLC y FTIR de Melissa officinalis y Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae) de Argentina

Melissa officinalis L., so called "Melissa" or "Toronjil", is a perennial aromatic herb, whose leaves are used in traditional medicine as a carminative, digestive and sedative, both in simple as in mixtures. Meanwhile, Nepeta cataria L., commonly called "Cat mint" or "Toronjil", with some similar properties, often replacing M. officinalis in the market, although their chemical composition is not completely matched, and contains an iridoid potentially toxic (nepetalactone). It is therefore necessary to establish diacritic parameters to differentiate these species, both at crude drug level, mixtures and extracts. Samples from various sources in Argentina were studied and documental specimens are preserved in the Herbarium UNSL. Anatomical sections were analyzed, and quantitative micrographic parameters were obtained, together with HPLC and FTIR spectra from methanolic and aqueous lyophilized extracts. Significant differences were detected in the prevailing smell foliage, morphology of leaves and inflorescences, trichomata type, palisade ratio, veinlet termination number, rosmarinic acid concentration (with distinctive HPLC profiles), and the CO/CH relationships obtained by FTIR from the extracts, that together allow adequate differentiation of both drugs, even when they were ground or powdered.Melissa officinalis L., llamada vulgarmente "melisa" o "toronjil", es una hierba perenne, aromática, cuyas hojas son empleadas en medicina popular como carminativo, digestivo y sedante, tanto en droga simple como en asociación. Por su parte Nepeta cataria L., llamada vulgarmente "menta de los gatos" y también "toronjil", con algunas propiedades similares, sustituye con frecuencia a M. officinalis en el mercado, aunque su composición química no es del todo coincidente y contiene un iridoide potencialmente tóxico (nepetalactona). Por ello es necesario establecer parámetros diacríticos para diferenciar ambas especies, a nivel de droga cruda, mezclas y extractos. Fueron estudiados especímenes de diversas procedencias en Argentina, y los ejemplares documentales son conservados en el Herbario UNSL. Se analizaron cortes anatómicos, se registraron los parámetros micrográficos cuantitativos y se obtuvieron espectros de HPLC y FTIR a partir de extractos metanólicos y acuosos liofilizados. Fueron detectadas diferencias significativas entre ambas especies en cuanto al aroma prevaleciente del follaje, la exomorfología de hojas e inflorescencias, los tipos tricomáticos, la relación de empalizada, el número de terminales de nerviación, la concentración de ácido rosmarínico (con perfiles HPLC distintivos), y las relaciones CO/CH obtenidas por FTIR a partir de los extractos, caracteres que en conjunto permiten una diferenciación adecuada de ambas drogas, aún cuando se presenten molidas o reducidas a polvo.Fil: Petenatti, Marta E.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Gette, María A.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Camí, Gerardo E.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Popovich, Mariana C.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Marchevsky, Eduardo J.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Del Vitto, Luis A.. Universidad Nacional de San LuisFil: Petenatti, Elisa M.. Universidad Nacional de San Lui

Multielemental composition and nutritional value of "dumosa" (Ilex dumosa), "yerba mate" (I. paraguariensis) and their commercial mixture in different forms of use

La composición multielemental y el valor nutricional de "dumosa" (Ilex dumosa) (ID),"yerba mate" (I. paraguariensis) (IP) y su mezcla comercial 70:30 (ID:IP, p/p) fue estudiadapor ICP-OES en droga cruda y dos formas de consumo: "cebadura" y "mate cocido". Estemétodo permitió detectar un número sin precedentes de elementos en estas especies. Endroga cruda, el orden resultó K;Ca;Mg;P;Mn;Al;Na;Si;Fe. IP mostró mayor concentraciónde minerales que ID, pero la mayor extractabilidad en esta última compensóen gran medida sus deficiencias. La cebadura mostró mayor valor nutricional que lainfusión, a causa de su mayor relación soluto/disolvente. La porción de cebadura deambas especies superó la ingesta diaria recomendada (IDR) de Mn, aportando tambiénMg, Cu, Fe, Zn y K. La porción de mate cocido no contribuyó significativamente a la IDR. Algunos elementos traza esenciales y muchos ultra-trazas presentes en droga cruda nofueron detectados en los extractos acuosos. La mayoría de los metales pesados no fueronlixiviados hacia los extractos, y en todo caso nunca excedieron los límites de seguridadinternacionales. Por ello, los extractos acuosos de ID e IP y sus mezclas son interesantesdesde el punto de vista nutricional y son seguros en cuanto a la saludThe multielement composition and nutritional value of "dumosa" (Ilex dumosa) (ID),"yerba mate" (I. paraguariensis) (IP) and their commercial 70:30 mixture (ID:IP, w/w) in crude drug, brewed mate and tea-bag-like infusion were studied by ICP-OES. Thismethod allowed the detection of an unprecedented number of elements for thesespecies. The order was K;Ca;Mg;P;Mn;Al;Na;Si;Fe in crude drug. IP showed higherconcentration of minerals than ID, but most extractability in the latter largely offset itsshortcomings. Brewed mate had higher nutritional value than mate tea because theirhigher solute/solvent ratio. A portion of brewed mate of both species exceeded the dailyrecommended intake (DRI) of Mn, and providing Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and K, too. The portions ofmate tea not contribute significantly to the DRI. Some essential trace elements and manyultra-traces ones that exist in crude drug were not detected in aqueous extracts. Most ofthe heavy metals were not leached into extracts, and in any case never exceeded internationalsafety limits. Therefore, the aqueous extracts of ID and IP and its mixture areinteresting from the nutritional point of view in minerales, and safe in terms of health

Evaluation of macro and microminerals in crude drugs and infusions of five herbs widely used as sedatives

It has been determined the concentration of fourteen micro and macrominerals (Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se, and Zn) in both crude drugs and infusions of Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae, Nepeta cataria L., Lamiaceae, Passiflora caerulea L., Passifloraceae, Tilia x moltkei Späth ex C.K. Schneid., Tiliaceae, and Valeriana officinalis L., Caprifoliaceae. These herbs are widely consumed by its sedative properties, either alone or in herb mixtures. All measurements were performed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The products were obtained from regional markets, mainly in San Luis province (Argentina). The estimated daily intake was compared with current recommendations. All products and its infusions were included within the upper tolerable limits for minerals, in trace elements such as toxic elements present at low levels.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Penicillamine determination using a tyrosinase micro-rotating biosensor

Tyrosinase [EC 1.14.18.1], immobilized on a rotating disk, catalyzed the oxidation of catechols to o-benzoquinone, whose back electrochemical reduction was detected on glassy carbon electrode surface at -150 mV versus Ag/AgCl/NaCl 3 M. Thus, when penicillamine (PA) was added to the solution, this thiol-containing compound participate in Michael type addition reactions with o-benzoquinone to form the corresponding thioquinone derivatives, decreasing the reduction current obtained proportionally to the increase of its concentration. This method could be used for sensitive determination of PA in drug and human synthetic serum samples. A linear range of 0.02-80 μM (r = 0.999) was obtained for amperometric determination of PA in buffered pH 7.0 solutions (0.1 M phosphate buffer). The biosensor has a reasonable reproducibility (R.S.D. < 4.0%) and a very stable amperometric response toward this compound (more than 1 month).Fil: Torriero, Angel Alberto Jesus. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Química de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Química de San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Salinas, Eloy. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Química; ArgentinaFil: Marchevsky, Eduardo Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Química de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Química de San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Raba, Julio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Química de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Química de San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Silber, Juana J.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Argentin