Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini

Estudios recientes acerca de las relaciones filogenéticas entre los primates platirrinos basados en datos morfológicos y moleculares, concuerdan en una división en tres familias: Atelidae, Pitheciidae y Cebidae, con la única excepción de Aotus, que dependiendo de enfoques moleculares o morfológicos, lo relacionan con cébidos o pitécidos, respectivamente. El registro fósil de los platirrinos procede de regiones distantes entre sí, siendo los más antiguos los que proceden del Oligoceno tardío de Bolivia (26 Ma). Estratos del Mioceno medio de La Venta, Colombia, y del Mioceno temprano a medio de Patagonia y Chile, se cuentan entre los yacimientos con mayor abundancia de platirrinos fósiles, representados por 11 géneros en La Venta, ocho en Argentina y uno en Chile, en un rango temporal desde aproximadamente 12 a 20 Ma, siendo más antiguos los de Patagonia y Chile. Los de La Venta son los más relacionados con formas actuales. Se recuperaron, además, dos géneros del Pleistoceno del este de Brasil, al menos tres taxones del Mioceno tardío de Río Acre, Brasil, y cuatro géneros del Pleistoceno y Holoceno de las Antillas. Estimaciones recientes sobre tiempos de divergencia en la filogenia de primates, sugieren una antigüedad para el crown group Platyrrhini que permite incluir a los primates patagónicos. Otro escenario que apoya una continuidad evolutiva entre las formas australes y las de estirpe amazónica, es un posible corredor paleobiogeográfico occidental sudamericano, considerando que para esos tiempos la cordillera de los Andes no representó una barrera significativa para la dispersión de los primates. Palabras clave: primates, Platyrrhini, sistemática, evolución, paleobioeografía. ABSTRACT. Recent studies on the phylogenetic relationships among the platyrrhine primates based on morphological and molecular data, agree in a taxonomic arrangement of three families: Atelidae, Pitheciidae, and Cebidae, with the only exception of Aotus, alternatively related to cebids or pitheciids depending on molecular or morphological approaches, respectively. The platyrrhine fossil record come from widespread regions, being the oldest the late Oligocene fossils from Bolivia (26 Ma). Fossiliferous strata ranging from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, to the early and middle Miocene from Patagonia and Chile are among the richest in producing fossil platyrrhines, represented by 11 genera from La Venta, 8 genera from Argentina, and one genus from Chile. These records come from a temporal span between approximately 12-20 Ma, being the oldest those from Patagonia and Chile. La Venta primates are closest to the extant forms. Two additional genera from the Pleistocene of Brazil have been also recovered, as well as three taxa from the late Miocene of Río Acre, Brazil, and four from the Pleistocene and Holocene of the Greater Antilles. Recent estimations on divergence times of the primate phylogeny suggest an age for the crown group Platyrrhini that allows the inclusion of the Patagonian fossil primates. Another scenario supporting the evolutionary continuity between the Patagonian and Amazonian lineages is a possible paleobiogeographic corridor throughout western South America, considering that by that time the Andean cordillera did not represent a significant geographic barrier to avoid the primate dispersal.Recent studies on the phylogenetic relationships among the platyrrhine primates based on morphological and molecular data, agree in a taxonomic arrangement of three families: Atelidae, Pitheciidae, and Cebidae, with the only exception of Aotus, alternatively related to cebids or pitheciids depending on molecular or morphological approaches, respectively. The platyrrhine fossil record comes from widespread regions, being the oldest the late Oligocene fossils from Bolivia (26 Ma). Fossiliferous strata ranging from the middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, to the early and middle Miocene from Patagonia and Chile are among the richest in producing fossil platyrrhines, represented by 11 genera from La Venta, 8 genera from Argentina, and one genus from Chile. These records come from a temporal span between approximately 12-20 Ma, being the oldest those from Patagonia and Chile. La Venta primates are closest to the extant forms. Two additional genera from the Pleistocene of Brazil have been also recovered, as well as three taxa from the late Miocene of Río Acre, Brazil, and four from the Pleistocene and Holocene of the Greater Antilles. Recent estimations on divergence times of the primate phylogeny suggest an age for the crown group Platyrrhini that allows the inclusion of the Patagonian fossil primate. Another scenario supporting the evolutionary continuity between the Patagonian and Amazonian lineages is a possible paleobiogeographic corridor throughout western South America, considering that by that time the Andean cordillera did not represent a significant geographic barrier to avoid the primate dispersal.Fil: Tejedor, Marcelo Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagonico; Argentina

The origin and evolution of Neotropical Primates

A significant event in the early evolution of Primates is the origin and radiation of anthropoids, with records in North Africa and Asia. The New World Primates, Infraorder Platyrrhini, have probably originated among these earliest anthropoids morphologically and temporally previous to the catarrhine/platyrrhine branching . The platyrrhine fossil record comes from distant regions in the Neotropics. The oldest are from the late Oligocene of Bolivia, with difficult taxonomic attribution. The two richest fossiliferous sites are located in the middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and to the south in early to middle Miocene sites from the Argentine Patagonia and Chile. The absolute ages of these sedimentary deposits are ranging from 12 to 20 Ma, the oldest in Patagonia and Chile. These northern and southern regions have a remarkable taxonomic diversity and several extinct taxa certainly represent living clades. In addition, in younger sediments ranging from late Miocene through Pleistocene, three genera have been described for the Greater Antilles, two genera in eastern Brazil, and at least three forms for Río Acre. In general, the fossil record of South American primates sheds light on the old radiations of the Pitheciinae, Cebinae, and Atelinae. However, several taxa are still controversial.Fil: Tejedor, Marcelo Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini

Estudios recientes acerca de las relaciones filogenéticas entre los primates platirrinos, basados en datos morfológicos y moleculares, concuerdan en una división en tres familias: Atelidae, Pitheciidae y Cebidae, con la única excepción de Aotus, que dependiendo de enfoques moleculares o morfológicos, lo relacionan con cébidos o pitécidos, respectivamente. El registro fósil de los platirrinos procede de regiones distantes entre sí, siendo los más antiguos los que proceden del Oligoceno tardío de Bolivia (26 Ma). Estratos del Mioceno medio de La Venta, Colombia, y del Mioceno temprano a medio de Patagonia y Chile, se cuentan entre los yacimientos con mayor abundancia de platirrinos fósiles, representados por 11 géneros en La Venta, ocho en Argentina y uno en Chile, en un rango temporal desde aproximadamente 12 a 20 Ma, siendo más antiguos los de Patagonia y Chile. Los de La Venta son los más relacionados con formas actuales. Se recuperaron, además, dos géneros del Pleistoceno del este de Brasil, al menos tres taxones del Mioceno tardío de Río Acre, Brasil, y cuatro géneros del Pleistoceno y Holoceno de las Antillas. Estimaciones recientes sobre tiempos de divergencia en la filogenia de primates, sugieren una antigüedad para el crown group Platyrrhini que permite incluir a los primates patagónicos. Otro escenario que apoya una continuidad evolutiva entre las formas australes y las de estirpe amazónica, es un posible corredor paleobiogeográfico occidental sudamericano, considerando que para esos tiempos la cordillera de los Andes no representó una barrera significativa para la dispersión de los primates.Recent studies on the phylogenetic relationships among the platyrrhine primates based on morphological and molecular data, agree in a taxonomic arrangement of three families: Atelidae, Pitheciidae, and Cebidae, with the only exception of Aotus, alternatively related to cebids or pitheciids depending on molecular or morphological approaches, respectively. The platyrrhine fossil record comes from widespread regions, being the oldest the late Oligocene fossils from Bolivia (26 Ma). Fossiliferous strata ranging from the middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, to the early and middle Miocene from Patagonia and Chile are among the richest in producing fossil platyrrhines, represented by 11 genera from La Venta, 8 genera from Argentina, and one genus from Chile. These records come from a temporal span between approximately 12-20 Ma, being the oldest those from Patagonia and Chile. La Venta primates are closest to the extant forms. Two additional genera from the Pleistocene of Brazil have been also recovered, as well as three taxa from the late Miocene of Río Acre, Brazil, and four from the Pleistocene and Holocene of the Greater Antilles. Recent estimations on divergence times of the primate phylogeny suggest an age for the crown group Platyrrhini that allows the inclusion of the Patagonian fossil primates. Another scenario supporting the evolutionary continuity between the Patagonian and Amazonian lineages is a possible paleobiogeographic corridor throughout western South America, considering that by that time the Andean cordillera did not represent a significant geographic barrier to avoid the primate dispersal.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini

Estudios recientes acerca de las relaciones filogenéticas entre los primates platirrinos, basados en datos morfológicos y moleculares, concuerdan en una división en tres familias: Atelidae, Pitheciidae y Cebidae, con la única excepción de Aotus, que dependiendo de enfoques moleculares o morfológicos, lo relacionan con cébidos o pitécidos, respectivamente. El registro fósil de los platirrinos procede de regiones distantes entre sí, siendo los más antiguos los que proceden del Oligoceno tardío de Bolivia (26 Ma). Estratos del Mioceno medio de La Venta, Colombia, y del Mioceno temprano a medio de Patagonia y Chile, se cuentan entre los yacimientos con mayor abundancia de platirrinos fósiles, representados por 11 géneros en La Venta, ocho en Argentina y uno en Chile, en un rango temporal desde aproximadamente 12 a 20 Ma, siendo más antiguos los de Patagonia y Chile. Los de La Venta son los más relacionados con formas actuales. Se recuperaron, además, dos géneros del Pleistoceno del este de Brasil, al menos tres taxones del Mioceno tardío de Río Acre, Brasil, y cuatro géneros del Pleistoceno y Holoceno de las Antillas. Estimaciones recientes sobre tiempos de divergencia en la filogenia de primates, sugieren una antigüedad para el crown group Platyrrhini que permite incluir a los primates patagónicos. Otro escenario que apoya una continuidad evolutiva entre las formas australes y las de estirpe amazónica, es un posible corredor paleobiogeográfico occidental sudamericano, considerando que para esos tiempos la cordillera de los Andes no representó una barrera significativa para la dispersión de los primates.Recent studies on the phylogenetic relationships among the platyrrhine primates based on morphological and molecular data, agree in a taxonomic arrangement of three families: Atelidae, Pitheciidae, and Cebidae, with the only exception of Aotus, alternatively related to cebids or pitheciids depending on molecular or morphological approaches, respectively. The platyrrhine fossil record comes from widespread regions, being the oldest the late Oligocene fossils from Bolivia (26 Ma). Fossiliferous strata ranging from the middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, to the early and middle Miocene from Patagonia and Chile are among the richest in producing fossil platyrrhines, represented by 11 genera from La Venta, 8 genera from Argentina, and one genus from Chile. These records come from a temporal span between approximately 12-20 Ma, being the oldest those from Patagonia and Chile. La Venta primates are closest to the extant forms. Two additional genera from the Pleistocene of Brazil have been also recovered, as well as three taxa from the late Miocene of Río Acre, Brazil, and four from the Pleistocene and Holocene of the Greater Antilles. Recent estimations on divergence times of the primate phylogeny suggest an age for the crown group Platyrrhini that allows the inclusion of the Patagonian fossil primates. Another scenario supporting the evolutionary continuity between the Patagonian and Amazonian lineages is a possible paleobiogeographic corridor throughout western South America, considering that by that time the Andean cordillera did not represent a significant geographic barrier to avoid the primate dispersal.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Evolución de los Primates : desde su origen hasta los primeros registros de homininos

Las hipótesis acerca del origen del Orden Primates han sido diversas aunque esencialmente giran en torno al momento de la diversificación de las angiospermas, de modo que ambos eventos evolutivos pudieron haber tenido estrecha relación. En principio, estableciendo analogías con las formas actuales de primates, vemos que las adaptaciones a la vida arbórea prevalecen en todos los grupos del orden y, dadas las evidencias paleontológicas, podemos suponer que el pasaje de la terrestrialidad hacia la vida en los árboles debió ser trascendental en el origen de los primates. Esto pudo ocurrir en algún momento durante el Cretácico tardío y afianzarse como las adaptaciones más exitosas durante el Paleógeno, el momento de mayor diversificación de los primeros gruposde primates. La aparición de formas anatómicamente modernas ya en el Eoceno, los Euprimates, que involucraban a una gran diversidad en los continentes del norte, motivó la tendencia a separar a los Plesiadapiformes de los ?verdaderos Primates?. A partir de entonces, la radiación se centraría en dos grandes agrupamientos, o subórdenes, Haplorhini y Strepsirrhini, cuyas afinidades con las formas extintas del Paleógeno aún continúan debatiéndose. Lo cierto es que el linaje que conduce a los humanos está indudablemente ligado a los Haplorhini, dentro de los cuales nos involucra la evolución de los Catarrhini, o primates del Viejo Mundo.Fil: Tejedor, Marcelo Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología; Argentin

Divergence times and the evolutionary radiation of new world monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): an analysis of fossil and molecular data

The estimation of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among a group of organisms is a fundamental first step toward understanding its biological diversification. The time of the most recent or last common ancestor (LCA) of extant platyrrhines is one of the most controversial among scholars of primate evolution. Here we use two molecular based approaches to date the initial divergence of the platyrrhine clade, Bayesian estimations under a relaxed-clock model and substitution rate plus generation time and body size, employing the fossil record and genome datasets. We also explore the robustness of our estimations with respect to changes in topology, fossil constraints and substitution rate, and discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the platyrrhine radiation. Our results suggest that fossil constraints, topology and substitution rate have an important influence on our divergence time estimates. Bayesian estimates using conservative but realistic fossil constraints suggest that the LCA of extant platyrrhines existed at ca. 29 Ma, with the 95% confidence limit for the node ranging from 27-31 Ma. The LCA of extant platyrrhine monkeys based on substitution rate corrected by generation time and body size was established between 21-29 Ma. The estimates based on the two approaches used in this study recalibrate the ages of the major platyrrhine clades and corroborate the hypothesis that they constitute very old lineages. These results can help reconcile several controversial points concerning the affinities of key early Miocene fossils that have arisen among paleontologists and molecular systematists. However, they cannot resolve the controversy of whether these fossil species truly belong to the extant lineages or to a stem platyrrhine clade. That question can only be resolved by morphology. Finally, we show that the use of different approaches and well supported fossil information gives a more robust divergence time estimate of a clade.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Divergence Times and the Evolutionary Radiation of New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): An Analysis of Fossil and Molecular Data

The estimation of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among a group of organisms is a fundamental first step toward understanding its biological diversification. The time of the most recent or last common ancestor (LCA) of extant platyrrhines is one of the most controversial among scholars of primate evolution. Here we use two molecular based approaches to date the initial divergence of the platyrrhine clade, Bayesian estimations under a relaxed-clock model and substitution rate plus generation time and body size, employing the fossil record and genome datasets. We also explore the robustness of our estimations with respect to changes in topology, fossil constraints and substitution rate, and discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the platyrrhine radiation. Our results suggest that fossil constraints, topology and substitution rate have an important influence on our divergence time estimates. Bayesian estimates using conservative but realistic fossil constraints suggest that the LCA of extant platyrrhines existed at ca. 29 Ma, with the 95% confidence limit for the node ranging from 27–31 Ma. The LCA of extant platyrrhine monkeys based on substitution rate corrected by generation time and body size was established between 21–29 Ma. The estimates based on the two approaches used in this study recalibrate the ages of the major platyrrhine clades and corroborate the hypothesis that they constitute very old lineages. These results can help reconcile several controversial points concerning the affinities of key early Miocene fossils that have arisen among paleontologists and molecular systematists. However, they cannot resolve the controversy of whether these fossil species truly belong to the extant lineages or to a stem platyrrhine clade. That question can only be resolved by morphology. Finally, we show that the use of different approaches and well supported fossil information gives a more robust divergence time estimate of a clade.Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Departamento Cientifico de Antropologia;Fil: Tejedor, Marcelo Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Centro Nacional Patagonico;Fil: Novo, Nelson Martin. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Centro Nacional Patagonico;Fil: Arístide, Leandro. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Departamento Cientifico de Antropologia

Modeling lineage and phenotypic diversification in the New World monkey (Platyrrhini, Primates) radiation

Adaptive radiations that have taken place in the distant past can now be more thoroughly studied with the availability of large molecular phylogenies and comparative data drawn from extant and fossil species. Platyrrhines are a good example of a major mammalian evolutionary radiation confined to a single continent, involving a relatively large temporal scale and documented by a relatively small but informative fossil record. Here, we present comparative evidence using data on extant and fossil species to explore alternative evolutionary models in an effort to better understand the process of platyrrhine lineage and phenotypic diversification. Specifically, we compare the likelihood of null models of lineage and phenotypic diversification versus various models of adaptive evolution. Moreover, we statistically explore the main ecological dimension behind the platyrrhine diversification. Contrary to the previous proposals, our study did not find evidence of a rapid lineage accumulation in the phylogenetic tree of extant platyrrhine species. However, the fossil-based diversity curve seems to show a slowdown in diversification rates toward present times. This also suggests an early high rate of extinction among lineages within crown Platyrrhini. Finally, our analyses support the hypothesis that the platyrrhine phenotypic diversification appears to be characterized by an early and profound differentiation in body size related to a multidimensional niche model, followed by little subsequent change (i.e., stasis).Fil: Arístide, Leandro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Rosenberger, Alfred L.. City University Of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Tejedor, Marcelo Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentin

Modeling lineage and phenotypic diversification in the New World monkey (Platyrrhini, Primates) radiation

Adaptive radiations that have taken place in the distant past can now be more thoroughly studied with the availability of large molecular phylogenies and comparative data drawn from extant and fossil species. Platyrrhines are a good example of a major mammalian evolutionary radiation confined to a single continent, involving a relatively large temporal scale and documented by a relatively small but informative fossil record. Here, we present comparative evidence using data on extant and fossil species to explore alternative evolutionary models in an effort to better understand the process of platyrrhine lineage and phenotypic diversification. Specifically, we compare the likelihood of null models of lineage and phenotypic diversification versus various models of adaptive evolution. Moreover, we statistically explore the main ecological dimension behind the platyrrhine diversification. Contrary to the previous proposals, our study did not find evidence of a rapid lineage accumulation in the phylogenetic tree of extant platyrrhine species. However, the fossil-based diversity curve seems to show a slowdown in diversification rates toward present times. This also suggests an early high rate of extinction among lineages within crown Platyrrhini. Finally, our analyses support the hypothesis that the platyrrhine phenotypic diversification appears to be characterized by an early and profound differentiation in body size related to a multidimensional niche model, followed by little subsequent change (i.e., stasis).Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Modeling lineage and phenotypic diversification in the New World monkey (Platyrrhini, Primates) radiation

Adaptive radiations that have taken place in the distant past can now be more thoroughly studied with the availability of large molecular phylogenies and comparative data drawn from extant and fossil species. Platyrrhines are a good example of a major mammalian evolutionary radiation confined to a single continent, involving a relatively large temporal scale and documented by a relatively small but informative fossil record. Here, we present comparative evidence using data on extant and fossil species to explore alternative evolutionary models in an effort to better understand the process of platyrrhine lineage and phenotypic diversification. Specifically, we compare the likelihood of null models of lineage and phenotypic diversification versus various models of adaptive evolution. Moreover, we statistically explore the main ecological dimension behind the platyrrhine diversification. Contrary to the previous proposals, our study did not find evidence of a rapid lineage accumulation in the phylogenetic tree of extant platyrrhine species. However, the fossil-based diversity curve seems to show a slowdown in diversification rates toward present times. This also suggests an early high rate of extinction among lineages within crown Platyrrhini. Finally, our analyses support the hypothesis that the platyrrhine phenotypic diversification appears to be characterized by an early and profound differentiation in body size related to a multidimensional niche model, followed by little subsequent change (i.e., stasis).Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse