POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE MICROBIOTA IN THE LITTER OF TWO TREE SPECIES OF THE ATLANTIC FOREST

This study analyzes microbiota population dynamics as a function of nutrient release rate during litter decomposition. For that, we observed two tree species native to the Atlantic Forest: brazilwood (Paubrasilia echinata) and inga (Inga laurina). To assess nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) release rates from the litter, we performed six collections over 365 days. In these collections, we placed polyvinyl bags called ‘litter bags’ below the treetops of the chosen species to collect dry leaves. To identify the groups of litter microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes), we used the plate culture method to count the number of colony-forming units (CFU), and the fatty acid profile method, through biomarkers, associating nutrient release rate and abiotic factors (temperature and rainfall). Nutrient release rate correlates with litter decomposition at 140 days, and most microorganisms correlate with litter decomposition at 30 days. Nitrogen and phosphorus release rates correlate with rainfall. Fungi correlate with P release rate in inga litter decomposition. The bacteria biomarker 17:1 was the only one that correlated with N and P release rates. In conclusion, rainfall affects nutrient solubilization in the studied species, and microbiota differs between the species. When comparing the two methods to identify these microorganisms, information from one method complements information from the other, since both provide different but interdependent data. This study analyzes microbiota population dynamics as a function of nutrient release rate during litter decomposition. For that, we observed two tree species native to the Atlantic Forest: brazilwood (Paubrasilia echinata) and inga (Inga laurina). To assess nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) release rates from the litter, we performed six collections over 365 days. In these collections, we placed polyvinyl bags called ‘litter bags’ below the treetops of the chosen species to collect dry leaves. To identify the groups of litter microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes), we used the plate culture method to count the number of colony-forming units (CFU), and the fatty acid profile method, through biomarkers, associating nutrient release rate and abiotic factors (temperature and rainfall). Nutrient release rate correlates with litter decomposition at 140 days, and most microorganisms correlate with litter decomposition at 30 days. Nitrogen and phosphorus release rates correlate with rainfall. Fungi correlate with P release rate in inga litter decomposition. The bacteria biomarker 17:1 was the only one that correlated with N and P release rates. In conclusion, rainfall affects nutrient solubilization in the studied species, and microbiota differs between the species. When comparing the two methods to identify these microorganisms, information from one method complements information from the other, since both provide different but interdependent data

Diversity Of Isolated Trichocomaceae From Soil In Two Forest Ecosystems

A fam\uedlia Trichocomaceae inclui os g\ueaneros de fungos anam\uf3rficos, Aspergillus e Penicillium . Muitos membros dessa fam\uedlia s\ue3o importantes causadores de degrada\ue7\ue3o de alimentos, biodeteriora\ue7\ue3o, patog\ueanicos a animais, e algumas esp\ue9cies s\ue3o usadas em biotecnologia e podem produzir micotoxinas. O presente trabalho foi realizado em duas \ue1reas, durante o per\uedodo de um ano (2006-2007) com coletas em \ue1rea de plantio de pinus ( Pinus elliotti ) e Corymbia ( Corymbia citriodora ) com idade aproximada de 20 anos, no campus da UFRRJ, Serop\ue9dica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Na \ue1rea de cada cobertura vegetal foi estabelecida uma parcela de aproximadamente 500 m2, onde foram coletadas aleatoriamente dez amostras simples, em intervalos regulares de 70 dias. No momento da coleta foram medidas as temperaturas do solo com geoterm\uf4metro digital. Durante o de estudo tamb\ue9m foi quantificada a precipita\ue7\ue3o pluviom\ue9trica e a temperatura ambiente. No per\uedodo, foi verificada uma pequena varia\ue7\ue3o da temperatura do solo nas \ue1reas, valores de 21,93 a 27,69\ub0C na \ue1rea de pinus e 22,22 a 26,58\ub0C na \ue1rea de Corymbia. A varia\ue7\ue3o mensal da umidade relativa m\uednima foi de 27,2/20,5 e m\ue1xima de 82,6/63,2 e os maiores valores de precipita\ue7\ue3o observados foi no m\ueas de janeiro (22 dias). Em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 micobiota, foi observada uma varia\ue7\ue3o crescente da unidade formadora de col\uf4nia (UFC) nos per\uedodo de maior temperatura e umidade relativa com \uedndices variando de 12,8/58,2 e 20,3/83,3x103 para Corymbia e Pinus respectivamente. O n\ufamero total de fungos foi de 190 isolados, pertencentes a cinco g\ueaneros e 54 esp\ue9cies diferente, sendo 32 Penicillium spp., 19 Aspergillus spp., um Eupenicillium javanicu , um Eurotium chevalieri e um Sclerocleista ornata . A esp\ue9cie mais abundante foi Penicillium decumbens , sendo encontrada em todas as coletas. Os per\uedodos de maior concentra\ue7\ue3o de UFC est\ue3o correlacionados com os per\uedodos de chuva, umidade relativa e temperatura. As vari\ue1veis clim\ue1ticas precipita\ue7\ue3o e temperatura foram os fatores que mais influenciaram na sucess\ue3o da micobiota no solo.Trichocomaceae family encompasses the greatest anamorphic fungi genera: Aspergillus and Penicillium. Many from this family have been causing food degradation, biodeterioration, animal pathologies, and some species have also been used in biotechnology as well as being responsible for mycotoxins production. This survey was carried out from 2006 to 2007 on approximately 20 years old Pinus ( Pinus elliotti ) and Corymbia ( Corymbia citriodora ) two plantation areas at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. At each litter area, around 500 m2, parcel was set up where 10 single samples at 70 days interval were randomly sampled. Soil temperatures by digital geothermometer at sampling point time were measured. Pluviometric precipitation annual environmental temperature during the research were also quantified. Soil temperature ranging from 21.93 to 27.69\ub0C at pinus area as well as from 22.22 to 26.58\ub0C at Corymbia one was reported. The monthly minimum relative humidity was 27.2/20.5 and maximum 82.6/63.2 as well as greatest precipitation levels for 22 days in January was observed. In relation to mycobiota, an increasing colony unit formation (CFU) difference at highest temperature and relative humidity ranging from 12.8 to 58.2 and 20.3 to 83.3 x 103 for Corymbia and pinus was reported. Fungi records total number presented 190 isolated ones from five genera and 54 different species: 32 Penicillium spp., 19 Aspergillus spp., one Eupenicillium javanicu , one Eurotium chevalieri and one Sclerocleista ornata , at all. The most abundant species was Penicillium decumbens , found in all samples. The periods of greatest concentration of CFU are correlated with periods of rain, humidity and temperature. Climatic variables as precipitation and temperature have been the elements which influenced the soil mycobiota changing the most

Diversidade de Trichocomaceae isoladas de solo em dois ecossistemas florestais.

Trichocomaceae family encompasses the greatest anamorphic fungi genera: Aspergillus and Penicillium. Many from this family have been causing food degradation, biodeterioration, animal pathologies, and some species have also been used in biotechnology as well as being responsible for mycotoxins production. This survey was carried out from 2006 to 2007 on approximately 20 years old Pinus (Pinus elliotti) and Corymbia (Corymbia citriodora) two plantation areas at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. At each litter area, around 500 m2, parcel was set up where 10 single samples at 70 days interval were randomly sampled. Soil temperatures by digital geothermometer at sampling point time were measured. Pluviometric precipitation annual environmental temperature during the research were also quantified. Soil temperature ranging from 21.93 to 27.69 C at pinus area as well as from 22.22 to 26.58 oC at Corymbia one was reported. The monthly minimum relative humidity was 27.2/20.5 and maximum 82.6/63.2 as well as greatest precipitation levels for 22 days in January was observed. In relation to mycobiota, an increasing colony unit formation (CFU) difference at highest temperature and relative humidity ranging from 12.8 to 58.2 and 20.3 to 83.3 x 103 for Corymbia and pinus was reported. Fungi records total number presented 190 isolated ones from five genera and 54 different species: 32 Penicillium spp., 19 Aspergillus spp., one Eupenicillium javanicu, one Eurotium chevalieri and one Sclerocleista ornate, at all. The most abundant species was Penicillium decumbens, found in all samples. The periods of greatest concentration of CFU are correlated with periods of rain, humidity and temperature. Climatic variables as precipitation and temperature have been the elements which influenced the soil mycobiota changing the most.A família Trichocomaceae inclui os gêneros de fungos anamórficos, Aspergillus e Penicillium. Muitos membros dessa família são importantes causadores de degradação de alimentos, biodeterioração, patogênicos a animais, e algumas espécies são usadas em biotecnologia e podem produzir micotoxinas. O presente trabalho foi realizado em duas áreas, durante o período de um ano (2006-2007) com coletas em área de plantio de pinus (Pinus elliotti) e Corymbia (Corymbia citriodora) com idade aproximada de 20 anos, no campus da UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Na área de cada cobertura vegetal foi estabelecida uma parcela de aproximadamente 500 m2, onde foram coletadas aleatoriamente dez amostras simples, em intervalos regulares de 70 dias. No momento da coleta foram medidas as temperaturas do solo com geotermômetro digital. Durante o de estudo também foi quantificada a precipitação pluviométrica e a temperatura ambiente. No período, foi verificada uma pequena variação da temperatura do solo nas áreas, valores de 21,93 a 27,69oC na área de pinus e 22,22 a 26,58oC na área de Corymbia. A variação mensal da umidade relativa mínima foi de 27,2/20,5 e máxima de 82,6/63,2 e os maiores valores de precipitação observados foi no mês de janeiro (22 dias). Em relação à micobiota, foi observada uma variação crescente da unidade formadora de colônia (UFC) nos período de maior temperatura e umidade relativa com índices variando de 12,8/58,2 e 20,3/83,3x103 para Corymbia e pinus respectivamente. O número total de fungos foi de 190 isolados, pertencentes a cinco gêneros e 54 espécies diferente, sendo 32 Penicillium spp., 19 Aspergillus spp., um Eupenicillium javanicu, um Eurotium chevalieri e um Sclerocleista ornata. A espécie mais abundante foi Penicillium decumbens, sendo encontrada em todas as coletas. Os períodos de maior concentração de UFC estão correlacionados com os períodos de chuva, umidade relativa e temperatura. As variáveis climáticas precipitação e temperatura foram os fatores que mais influenciaram na sucessão da micobiota no solo

Micobiota produtora de fitase isolada de solo e serapilheira do Bioma Cerrado

The majority of Brazilian arable soils shows P deficiency, due to the fact that most of this element in the soil is unavailable for the plant absorption, for this and other reasons, the ability of filamentous fungi to solubilize P from various sources, insoluble, organic and inorganic, has been considered a desirable feature for several uses. The aim of this study was to characterize the production of phytase mycobiota in soil located in Cerrado in two seasons, under dry and rainy seasons, and also characterize abiotic factors in this biome in order to verify the existence of correlations between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of their mycobiotas in these conditions. The samples were collected from eight forest fragments twice, two soil depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm) and litter layer to quantify mycobiota and the evaluation of phytase production. In the collection carried out in the rainy season, the total number of phytase producing fungi was lower, but the number of Aspergillus section Nigri producers of phytase was greater. In the dry season the number of phytase producing fungi belonging to the genus Penicillium was higher. The year season´s factor alters quantitatively and qualitatively the phytase producer mycobiota. It was concluded that the soils are potentially exploitable in relation to obtaining phosphorus solubilizing fungi, and the dry season is more propitiate to the achievement of these fungi.Grande parte dos solos agricultáveis brasileiros apresenta deficiência de P, em função da maior parte deste elemento estar indisponível para a absorção pelas plantas. Neste contexto, a habilidade dos fungos filamentosos em solubilizar o P de várias fontes, sejam estas, insolúveis, orgânicas e/ou inorgânicas, tem sido considerada uma característica de destacada importância. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a micobiota produtora de fitase no Bioma Cerrado, bem como, apresentar uma caracterização dos fatores abióticos do presente bioma e as possíveis correlações com a micobiota encontrada. As amostras foram coletadas de oito fragmentos florestais, em duas épocas, duas profundidades do solo (0-5 e 5-10 cm) e na camada de serapilheira para a quantificação da micobiota e avaliação da produção de fitase. As coletas foram realizadas em duas épocas, sendo uma na época chuvosa e outra na época seca. Na coleta da época chuvosa, o número total de fungos produtores de fitase foi menor, mas o número de Aspergillus seção Nigri produtores de fitase foi maior. Na época seca, o número de fungos produtores de fitase pertencentes ao gênero Penicillium foi maior. O fator época do ano alterou qualitativamente e quantitativamente a micobiota produtora de fitase. Concluiu-se que os solos do Bioma Cerrado são potencialmente exploráveis para a obtenção de fungos solubilizadores de P, sendo a época seca do ano a mais propícia para este fim

Bioprospecção de Trichoderma spp. com potencial enzimático

O objetivo deste estudo foi selecionar, identificar e avaliar o potencial enzimático de espécies do gênero Trichoderma spp. Foram realizadas identificações morfológicas e moleculares. Para as análises enzimáticas, foram realizados ensaios qualitativos com meios de cultura contendo leite desnatado para produção de peptidase; amido solúvel para amilase, carboximetilcelulose para celulase, pectina cítrica para pectinases e meio Pikovskaya para fitase. Nas análises taxonômicas foram identificados T. atroviride, T. asperelloide, T. harzianum e T. longibrachiatum. O potencial enzimático foi negativo para as enzimas peptidase, celulase e pectinase e positivo para amilase em todos Trichoderma e fitase somente um T. longibrachiatum, de acordo com as análises os Trichoderma spp. podem ser utilizados em processos biotecnológicos que envolvam atividade enzimática amilolítica. 

Foreign Body Aspiration In Children: Clinical Aspects, Radiological Aspects And Bronchoscopic Treatment.

To describe the clinical manifestations and bronchoscopic treatment of foreign body aspiration in children under 14 years of age, correlating the clinical aspects with the bronchoscopic findings. A retrospective, descriptive study analyzing data related to children under 14 years of age undergoing bronchoscopy due to clinical suspicion of foreign body aspiration at the State University at Campinas Hospital das Clinicas from January of 2000 to December of 2005. The sample consisted of 69 patients, ranging in age from 8 months to 12 years/7 months (75.4% under 3 years of age), 62.3% of whom were male. The principal complaint was sudden-onset cough (75.4%), auscultation was abnormal in 74%, and dyspnea was observed in 29%. Radiological abnormalities were seen in 88% of the cases. Aspirations were primarily into the right lung (54.8%), and 30.7% of the foreign bodies were of vegetal origin (principally beans and peanuts). In the follow-up period, 29% presented complications (most commonly pneumonia), which were found to be associated with longer aspiration time (p = 0.03). Mechanical ventilation was required in 7 children (10.1%), and multiple bronchoscopies were performed in 5 (7.2%). A history of sudden-onset choking and cough, plus abnormal auscultation and radiological findings, characterizes the profile of foreign body aspiration. In such cases, bronchoscopy is indicated. Longer aspiration time translates to a higher the risk of complications. The high prevalence of foreign bodies of vegetal origin underscores the relevance of prevention programs aimed at children younger than 3 years of age.3474-8

Foreign body aspiration in children: clinical aspects, radiological aspects and bronchoscopic treatment

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical manifestations and bronchoscopic treatment of foreign body aspiration in children under 14 years of age, correlating the clinical aspects with the bronchoscopic findings. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study analyzing data related to children under 14 years of age undergoing bronchoscopy due to clinical suspicion of foreign body aspiration at the State University at Campinas Hospital das Clinicas from January of 2000 to December of 2005. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 69 patients, ranging in age from 8 months to 12 years/7 months (75.4% under 3 years of age), 62.3% of whom were male. The principal complaint was sudden-onset cough (75.4%), auscultation was abnormal in 74%, and dyspnea was observed in 29%. Radiological abnormalities were seen in 88% of the cases. Aspirations were primarily into the right lung (54.8%), and 30.7% of the foreign bodies were of vegetal origin (principally beans and peanuts). In the follow-up period, 29% presented complications (most commonly pneumonia), which were found to be associated with longer aspiration time (p = 0.03). Mechanical ventilation was required in 7 children (10.1%), and multiple bronchoscopies were performed in 5 (7.2%). CONCLUSION: A history of sudden-onset choking and cough, plus abnormal auscultation and radiological findings, characterizes the profile of foreign body aspiration. In such cases, bronchoscopy is indicated. Longer aspiration time translates to a higher the risk of complications. The high prevalence of foreign bodies of vegetal origin underscores the relevance of prevention programs aimed at children younger than 3 years of age.Descrever manifestações clínicas e tratamento broncoscópico da aspiração de corpo estranho em crianças menores de 14 anos de idade, correlacionando com achados broncoscópicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo analisando prontuários de todas as crianças menores de 14 anos de idade atendidas no Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2005, submetidas à broncoscopia por suspeita clínica de aspiração de corpo estranho. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 69 pacientes, com idade entre 8 meses e 12 anos/7 meses (75,4% abaixo de 3 anos), dos quais 62,3% eram do sexo masculino. A principal queixa foi tosse súbita (75,4%). Em 74% dos casos houve alteração de ausculta pulmonar e dispnéia foi observada em 20 crianças (29%). Um total de 88% apresentou alteração radiológica. A aspiração ocorreu predominantemente em pulmão direito (54,8%), com material de origem vegetal, destacando feijão e amendoim (30,7%). Complicações ocorreram em 29% dos pacientes, sendo pneumonia a mais comum, e foram associadas ao tempo maior de aspiração (p = 0,03). Um total de 7 pacientes (10,1%) necessitaram ventilação mecânica, e 5 (7,2%) foram submetidos a mais de uma broncoscopia. CONCLUSÃO: História clínica com início súbito de engasgo e tosse, anormalidades na ausculta pulmonar e na radiografia de tórax caracterizam o quadro clínico de aspiração e são indicativas de broncoscopia. Quanto maior o tempo de aspiração, maior o risco de complicações. A alta prevalência de corpos estranhos de origem vegetal alerta para a necessidade de programas preventivos dirigidos aos menores de 3 anos3427482To describe the clinical manifestations and bronchoscopic treatment of foreign body aspiration in children under 14 years of age, correlating the clinical aspects with the bronchoscopic findings. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study analyzing data related to children under 14 years of age undergoing bronchoscopy due to clinical suspicion of foreign body aspiration at the State University at Campinas Hospital das Clinicas from January of 2000 to December of 2005. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 69 patients, ranging in age from 8 months to 12 years/7 months (75.4% under 3 years of age), 62.3% of whom were male. The principal complaint was sudden-onset cough (75.4%), auscultation was abnormal in 74%, and dyspnea was observed in 29%. Radiological abnormalities were seen in 88% of the cases. Aspirations were primarily into the right lung (54.8%), and 30.7% of the foreign bodies were of vegetal origin (principally beans and peanuts). In the follow-up period, 29% presented complications (most commonly pneumonia), which were found to be associated with longer aspiration time (p = 0.03). Mechanical ventilation was required in 7 children (10.1%), and multiple bronchoscopies were performed in 5 (7.2%). CONCLUSION: A history of sudden-onset choking and cough, plus abnormal auscultation and radiological findings, characterizes the profile of foreign body aspiration. In such cases, bronchoscopy is indicated. Longer aspiration time translates to a higher the risk of complications. The high prevalence of foreign bodies of vegetal origin underscores the relevance of prevention programs aimed at children younger than 3 years of ag