Trajetória e perspectivas da gestão privada do saneamento na América Latina: contrastes e aproximações entre Brasil e Argentina

Com base na literatura especializada e na pesquisa de algumas fontes primárias, o texto examina os contrastes e as aproximações na trajetória das políticas de saneamento pró-mercado implantadas no Brasil e na Argentina durante os anos 1990, procurando entender como políticas semelhantes, adotadas em conjunturas similares, tiveram alcance e resultados tão diversos, à luz das noções de “capital social” e “dependência da trajetória”. Procura examinar igualmente as perspectivas atuais de desenvolvimento da gestão privada dos serviços deste setor em ambos os países

Selection of attractive food sources and toxicity of insecticides in tomato fruit borer management

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a preferência alimentar, o limiar de ingestão e o efeito tóxico de inseticidas associados a atrativos, em adultos de Neoleucinodes elegantalis. Foram testados os atrativos: melado e mel a 10%, extrato hexânico de frutos verdes de tomate a 0,4%, sacarose a 5%, suco de laranja e suco de uva a 30%, vinagre de vinho tinto a 10% e proteína hidrolisada a 5%. Com base no teste de preferência alimentar, foram selecionados os atrativos sacarose, melado, mel e suco de laranja, para determinar o limiar de concentração capaz de estimular a alimentação de adultos de N. elegantalis. Foi testado o efeito tóxico de inseticidas associados ao mel a 10%. A sacarose e o mel apresentaram o melhor resultado em relação ao número de pousos e ao tempo de pouso e de alimentação de adultos de N. elegantalis. Os inseticidas não afetaram negativamente a atração pelo alimento dos adultos de N. elegantalis. Carbaril, cartape, deltametrina, fenpropatrina, indoxacarbe, lambda-cialotrina e lufenurom provocaram 100% de mortalidade em adultos (machos + fêmeas), após 24 horas de exposição, e mostraram-se promissores para o uso em iscas tóxicas.This work aimed at evaluating the food preference, the threshold of food intake and the toxic effect of insecticides associated with attractive food sources on adults of Neoleucinodes elegantalis. The following attractive food sources were tested: molasses and honey at 10%, hexanic extract of green tomato fruits at 0.4%, sucrose at 5%, orange and grape juice at 30%, red wine vinegar at 10%, and hydrolyzed protein at 5% concentration. Based on the food preference test, sucrose, molasses, honey, and orange juice were selected to determine the threshold concentration capable of stimulating feeding in N. elegantalis adults. The toxic effect of insecticides added to honey at 10% was also tested. Sucrose and honey had the best results in terms of number of landings, landing time, and feeding time of adults of N. elegantalis. The insecticides did not affect negatively the attraction of N. elegantalis adults to the food sources. Carbaryl, cartap, deltamethrin, fenpropatrin, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron caused 100% mortality of adults (males and females), after 24 hours of exposure, which suggests that they are promising for use in toxic baits

Clinical Characteristics of Alopecia Areata in Down syndrome

Aim: This study was undertaken to better understand clinical characteristics, environmental and physical events in Down syndrome (DS) and alopecia areata (AA). Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed with 18 individuals with DS who were currently presenting or had presented AA. Were evaluated: gender, age, local and type of AA, presence of autoimmune disease or atopy, AA in first-degree relatives, environmental, physical and clinical intercurrences. Results: Average age was 11.6 years (y) (SD ± 5.5y) and average age of AA onset was 7.2y (2.5 to 15.2y). The duration of alopecia episodes varied; an average of 2.7y (0.1 to 18.7y) was observed. Recurrence of AA was reported in 27.7% (5/18) and the average number of recurrences was 3.6. Localized type, was seen in 83.4% of individuals, and the most frequent location was scalp (100%). Seven of the individuals presented atopy. Fourteen of the individuals had undergone environmental and/or clinical intercurrences. Conclusion: The most frequent presentation of AA in DS is the non-recurrent, localized form, on scalp, with varied period of duration. Changes in individuals’ routine, occurred in more than half of the studied group. We suggest further studies of the psychology and immunogenetics of the etiopathology of AA in DS. </span

La gestion privée des services d’eau et d’assainissement en Amérique latine : que reste-t-il des politiques pro-marché de la dernière décennie ?

This article seeks to evaluate pro-market water and sanitation policies adopted by developing countries in the 1990s, under the influence of multilateral agencies, mostly in Latin America, dressing some lessons from the analysis of private management experiences which took place in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. While these experiences failed in the first two countries, the results of some case studies developed in Brazil are rather favorable in many regards. The author proposes that we must consider the social and institutional conditions that favor sustainable private participation in this sector to avoid ideologically biased analysis which may oversimplify the debate and avoid to see both the risks and opportunities generally implied in this kind of policy