Fasciolosis en Cuba y el mundo

Background: Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease that affects not only cattle and sheep but also humans. It has a global distribution, with a higher incidence in tropical and subtropical areas. Objective. carry out a review about Fasciola hepatica, assessment of the national and world context, biological cycle, pathogenesis, clinical signs, control and prevention, epidemiology, zoonotic effect, seasonality and economic effects generated by its presentation in livestock farms.Development: The evidence obtained as a result of the research process has determined the inclusion of the parasite within the group of emerging diseases. Fasciola sp. In addition to being one of the main causes of liver seizure in slaughterhouses, it involves other damages associated with infection: decreased production of meat, milk or wool and body weight, infertility, decreased growth, reproductive delay, abortions and loss resistance to other diseases. Costs increase, due to anthelmintic treatments, as well as frequent secondary bacterial infections, which can lead to the death of animals.Conclusion: The economic losses that occur due to the seizure of livers affected by F. hepatica are relevant and depend on the interaction between the pathophysiological aspects of the disease and the environmental ones (climatological and geographical factors) that determine the presence of intermediate hosts and the parasite. in the environment.Keywords: seizures, F. hepatica, infestation, trematode (Source: DeCS)Antecedentes: La fasciolosis es una enfermedad parasitaria que afecta no solo al ganado bovino y ovino sino también al humano, presenta distribución global, con mayor incidencia en zonas tropicales y subtropicales. Objetivo. realizar una revisión acerca de Fasciola hepatica, valoración del contexto nacional y mundial, ciclo biológico, patogenia, signos clínicos, control y prevención, epidemiología, efecto zoonótico, estacionalidad y efectos económicos que genera su presentación en las explotaciones ganaderas. Desarrollo: Las evidencias obtenidas como resultado del proceso investigativo han determinado la inclusión del parásito dentro del grupo de las enfermedades emergentes. Fasciola sp. además de ser una de las principales causas de decomiso del hígado en los mataderos, implica otros daños asociados a la infección: disminución de la producción de carne, leche o lana y peso corporal, infertilidad, disminución del crecimiento, retraso reproductivo, abortos y pérdida de resistencia a otras enfermedades. Los costos aumentan, debido a los tratamientos antihelmínticos, así como a infecciones bacterianas secundarias frecuentes, que pueden llevar a la muerte de animales. Conclusión: Las pérdidas económicas que ocurren por el decomiso de hígados afectados por F. hepatica son relevantes y dependen de la interacción entre los aspectos fisiopatológicos de la enfermedad y los ambientales (factores climatológicos y geográficos) que determinan la presencia de hospederos intermediarios y el parásito en el ambiente.   Palabras clave: decomisos, F. hepatica, infestación, trematodo (Fuente: DeCS

Fasciola hepatica em bovinos no Brasil: disponibilidade de dados e distribuição espacial

Fasciolosis is a disease of importance for both veterinary and public health. For the first time, georeferenced prevalence data of Fasciola hepatica in bovines were collected and mapped for the Brazilian territory and data availability was discussed. Bovine fasciolosis in Brazil is monitored on a Federal, State and Municipal level, and to improve monitoring it is essential to combine the data collected on these three levels into one dataset. Data were collected for 1032 municipalities where livers were condemned by the Federal Inspection Service (MAPA/SIF) because of the presence of F. hepatica. The information was distributed over 11 states: Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo. The highest prevalence of fasciolosis was observed in the southern states, with disease clusters along the coast of Paraná and Santa Catarina and in Rio Grande do Sul. Also, temporal variation of the prevalence was observed. The observed prevalence and the kriged prevalence maps presented in this paper can assist both animal and human health workers in estimating the risk of infection in their state or municipality.A fasciolose é doença de alta importância para a saúde tanto veterinária quanto humana. Pela primeira vez, dados georreferenciados da prevalência de Fasciola hepatica em bovinos foram coletados e mapeados para o território brasileiro e a disponibilidade desses dados discutida. Fasciolose bovina no Brasil é monitorado em nível Federal, Estadual e Municipal, e para melhorar esse monitoramento é preciso juntar os dados dos três níveis para construir um único banco de dados. As informações foram coletadas de 1032 municípios onde fígados bovinos foram condenados por causa de F. hepatica pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (MAPA/SIF). Onze estados foram representados: Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e São Paulo. A prevalência mais alta da fasciolose foi observada nos estados do Sul, com presença de focos da doença ao longo do litoral do Paraná e Santa Catarina e no Rio Grande do Sul. Variação temporal da prevalência também foi observada. Os mapas de prevalência observada e de krigeagem aqui apresentados podem auxiliar a profissionais da área da saúde veterinária e humana a estimar o risco de infecção nos seus estados e/ou municípios

Seasonal Behavior of Fasciola hepatica in Sacrificed Bovines at Chacuba Slaughterhouse, Camagüey, Cuba.

To determine the existence of seasonal patterns for  Fasciola hepatica infestation in bovines slaughtered in the province of Camaguey, Cuba, information  gathered from  13 059 bovines  sacrificed  at the Chacuba slaughterhouse (Terso Livestock Basic Marketing Company, Maraguan Livestock Company),  between 2008 and 2014, was used. The study included 2 387 animals affected by F. hepatica, according to  the  anatomical and pathological diagnostic made at the slaughterhouse.  Prevalence calculations were based on the sacrificed and affected  animals  (18.27%) for the entire period. The seasonal decomposition process was based on additive model. It revealed the existence of sea-sonal behavior for the animals affected by  Fasciola hepatica  and its prevalence. The seasonal patterns  had peaks in February, October and December for the two variables studied. Evaluation of intermediate hosts dynamics and larval F. hepatica stages were associated to the seasonal patterns observed

Pérdidas económicas y prevalencia de Fasciola hepaticaen bovinos sacrificados en dos provincias cubanas

Objective. To determine the economic losses resulting from condemnation of affected livers and the presence of Fasciola hepatica in slaughtered cattle in the provinces of Camagüey and Holguín, Cuba. Materials and Methods. This study was based on the results from an anatomo-pathological examination performed at Felipe Fuentes and César Escalante slaughterhouses between January 2012 and December 2018. The losses, which totaled $80 312 USD (Holguín) and$ 327 152 USD (Camagüey), were estimated from the number of slaughtered and affected animals throughout the period. Analyses for the comparisons of proportions were made to animals affected by F.hepatica, whereas the economic losses due to liver condemnation were analyzed by Chi-square to determine the existence of significant differences among the proportions. Analysis of means (ANOM) was made to determine the significantly different proportions within the general average. Results. Significant differences (p<0.001) were observed in animals from different slaughterhouses in 11 months, excluding July. Meanwhile, the total losses due to condemnation of affected livers underwent significant differences (p<0.001) in all the months of the evaluation period. Conclusions. The highest values of economic losses and prevalence due to condemnation of livers affected by F.hepatica were observed in the province of Camagüey, which may have been linked to varying climatic conditions. Hence, evaluation of intermediary host dynamics and the larval stages of the trematode in the two provinces studied were recommended.Objetivo. Determinar las pérdidas económicas producidas por el decomiso de hígados afectados y la prevalencia de Fasciola hepatica en bovinos sacrificados en las provincias de Holguín y Camagüey, Cuba. Materiales y métodos. Fueron utilizados los resultados del diagnóstico anatomopatológico realizado en los mataderos Felipe Fuentes y César Escalante durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2018. A partir de la cantidad de animales sacrificados y los afectados se calcularon las pérdidas que alcanzaron un valor de $80.312 USD (Holguín) y$32.7152 USD (Camagüey) para todo el período. Se realizaron análisis de comparación de proporciones para los animales afectados por F. hepatica y las pérdidas económicas por decomiso de hígados, mediante una prueba Chi-cuadrado para determinar la existencia o no de diferencias significativas entre las proporciones y un análisis de medias (ANOM) para determinar cuáles proporciones son significativamente distintas del promedio general.  Resultados. Se observó que en 11 meses los animales afectados difirieron significativamente (p<0.001) entre los mataderos excepto en el mes de julio, mientras que las pérdidas totales por decomisos de hígados afectados mostraron diferencias significativas (p<0.001) en todos los meses para el periodo evaluado. Conclusiones. Los mayores valores para las pérdidas económicas y prevalencia por el decomiso de hígados afectados por F. hepatica se presentaron en la provincia de Camagüey lo que pudiera estar relacionado con las condiciones climáticas diferentes, por lo que se recomienda evaluar la dinámica de los hospederos intermedios y las etapas larvarias de este trematodo en las dos provincias estudiadas

Comportamiento estacional de Fasciola hepatica en bovinos sacrificados en el matadero Chacuba, Camagüey, Cuba.

Con el objetivo de determinar la existencia de patrones estacionales para la infestación por Fasciola hepatica en bovinos sacrificados en la provincia de Camagüey, Cuba, fueron utilizados los registros mensuales de los 13 059 sacrificios de ganado bovino realizados en el matadero Chacuba de la Unidad Empresarial Básica Comercializadora ganadera de Terso, perteneciente a la Empresa Pecuaria Maraguán; durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2014. Fueron utilizados los 2 387 animales afectados por F. hepatica, resultado del diagnóstico anátomo-patológico realizado en el propio matadero. A partir de animales sacrificados y los afectados fue calculada la prevalencia que alcanzó un valor de 18,27 % para todo el período. El proceso de descomposición estacional con un modelo aditivo, reveló, por primera vez en Camagüey, la existencia de comportamiento estacional para los animales afectados por Fasciola hepatica y la prevalencia. Los patrones estacionales estuvieron caracterizados por picos en febrero, octubre y diciembre para las dos variables estudiadas. Se recomienda evaluar la dinámica de los hospederos intermediarios y estadios larvarios de F. hepatica para relacionarlos con los patrones estacionales observados.Seasonal Behavior of Fasciola hepatica in Cattle Slaughtered at Chacuba Abattoir, Camagüey, CubaABSTRACTWith the objective to determine the existence of seasonal patterns of infection with Fasciola hepatica in slaughtered bovines in Camagüey province, monthly records were used for the 13 059 slaughtered bovines carried out in Chacuba slaughterhouse, a basic unit belonging to the Terso Cattle Commercializing Company, in Camagüey, Cuba, from January 2008 to December 2014. There were 2 387 animals affected by F. hepatica according to the anatomicpathologic diagnosis carried out at the slaughterhouse. The disease prevalence in slaughtered and infected animals was determined for the whole period to be of 18.25 %. The process of seasonal decomposition with an additive model revealed for the first time in Camagüey, the existence of a seasonal pattern for affected bovines with Fasciola hepatica, as well as for the amount and the prevalence. The seasonal patterns were characterized by peaks in February, October and December for the two studied variables. It’s recommended to evaluate the dynamics of the intermediate host and larval stages of F. hepatica to correlate with the observed seasonal patterns

Spatial Distribution of Seropositive Dogs to Leptospira spp. and Evaluation of Leptospirosis Risk Factors Using a Decision Tree

Background: Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease associated with poor areas of urban settings of developing countries and early diagnosis and prompt treatment may prevent disease. Although rodents are reportedly considered the main reservoirs of leptospirosis, dogs may develop the disease, may become asymptomatic carriers and may be used as sentinels for disease epidemiology. The use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) combined with spatial analysis techniques allows the mapping of the disease and the identification and assessment of health risk factors. Besides the use of GIS and spatial analysis, the technique of data mining, decision tree, can provide a great potential to find a pattern in the behavior of the variables that determine the occurrence of leptospirosis. The objective of the present study was to apply Geographical Information Systems and data prospection (decision tree) to evaluate the risk factors for canine leptospirosis in an area of Curitiba, PR.Materials, Methods & Results: The present study was performed on the Vila Pantanal, a urban poor community in the city of Curitiba. A total of 287 dog blood samples were randomly obtained house-by-house in a two-day sampling on January 2010. In addition, a questionnaire was applied to owners at the time of sampling. Geographical coordinates related to each household of tested dog were obtained using a Global Positioning System (GPS) for mapping the spatial distribution of reagent and non-reagent dogs to leptospirosis. For the decision tree, risk factors included results of microagglutination test (MAT) from the serum of dogs, previous disease on the household, contact with rats or other dogs, dog breed, outdoors access, feeding, trash around house or backyard, open sewer proximity and flooding. A total of 189 samples (about 2/3 of overall samples) were randomly selected for the training file and consequent decision rules. The remained 98 samples were used for the testing file. The seroprevalence showed a pattern of spatial distribution that involved all the Pantanal area, without agglomeration of reagent animals. In relation to data mining, from 189 samples used in decision tree, a total of 165 (87.3%) animal samples were correctly classified, generating a Kappa index of 0.413. A total of 154 out of 159 (96.8%) samples were considered non-reagent and were correctly classified and only 5/159 (3.2%) were wrongly identified. on the other hand, only 11 (36.7%) reagent samples were correctly classified, with 19 (63.3%) samples failing diagnosis.Discussion: The spatial distribution that involved all the Pantanal area showed that all the animals in the area are at risk of contamination by Leptospira spp. Although most samples had been classified correctly by the decision tree, a degree of difficulty of separability related to seropositive animals was observed, with only 36.7% of the samples classified correctly. This can occur due to the fact of seronegative animals number is superior to the number of seropositive ones, taking the differences in the pattern of variable behavior. The data mining helped to evaluate the most important risk factors for leptospirosis in an urban poor community of Curitiba. The variables selected by decision tree reflected the important factors about the existence of the disease (default of sewer, presence of rats and rubbish and dogs with free access to street). The analyses showed the multifactorial character of the epidemiology of canine leptospirosis

Seroprevalence and seroincidence of Leptospira infection in dogs during a one-year period in an endemic urban area in Southern Brazil

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects both humans and animals. Dogs may serve as sentinels and indicators of environmental contamination as well as potential carriers for Leptospira. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and seroincidence of leptospirosis infection in dogs in an urban low-income community in southern Brazil where human leptospirosis is endemic. Methods: A prospective cohort study was designed that consisted of sampling at recruitment and four consecutive trimestral follow-up sampling trials. All households in the area were visited, and those that owned dogs were invited to participate in the study. The seroprevalence (MAT titers >= 100) of Leptospira infection in dogs was calculated for each visit, the seroincidence (seroconversion or four-fold increase in serogroup-specific MAT titer) density rate was calculated for each follow-up, and a global seroincidence density rate was calculated for the overall period. Results: A total of 378 dogs and 902.7 dog-trimesters were recruited and followed, respectively. The seroprevalence of infection ranged from 9.3% (95% CI; 6.7 - 12.6) to 19% (14.1 - 25.2), the seroincidence density rate of infection ranged from 6% (3.3 - 10.6) to 15.3% (10.8 - 21.2), and the global seroincidence density rate of infection was 11% (9.1 - 13.2) per dog-trimester. Canicola and Icterohaemorraghiae were the most frequent incident serogroups observed in all follow-ups. Conclusions: Follow-ups with mean trimester intervals were incapable of detecting any increase in seroprevalence due to seroincident cases of canine leptospirosis, suggesting that antibody titers may fall within three months. Further studies on incident infections, disease burden or risk factors for incident Leptospira cases should take into account the detectable lifespan of the antibody

Incidence of canine leptospirosis in the metropolitan area of Curitiba, State of Parana, Southern Brazil

Introduction The incidence of canine leptospirosis in Brazil needs to be assessed Methods The same dogs in southern Brazil were sampled over two years to determine the prevalence, incidence and association of canine leptospirosis with various risk factors. Results In 2009, the prevalence was 33 (14.4%) of 228 dogs, with a predominance of serovar Canicola (33.4%). In 2010, 90 dogs were re-evaluated (the remaining dogs were lost to deaths, address changes and donations), and the prevalence was found to be 35 (38.9%) of 90, with the predominant serovar being Icterohaemorrhagiae (51.4%). Moreover, the incidence was 26 of 90 (28.9%), and the disease was statistically associated with age (2009) and street access (2010). Conclusions Our findings revealed instability in the dog population and age to be relevant risk factors for canine leptospirosis