To determine the existence of seasonal patterns for  Fasciola hepatica infestation in bovines slaughtered in the province of Camaguey, Cuba, information  gathered from  13 059 bovines  sacrificed  at the Chacuba slaughterhouse (Terso Livestock Basic Marketing Company, Maraguan Livestock Company),  between 2008 and 2014, was used. The study included 2 387 animals affected by F. hepatica, according to  the  anatomical and pathological diagnostic made at the slaughterhouse.  Prevalence calculations were based on the sacrificed and affected  animals  (18.27%) for the entire period. The seasonal decomposition process was based on additive model. It revealed the existence of sea-sonal behavior for the animals affected by  Fasciola hepatica  and its prevalence. The seasonal patterns  had peaks in February, October and December for the two variables studied. Evaluation of intermediate hosts dynamics and larval F. hepatica stages were associated to the seasonal patterns observed

Arenal Cruz, Amílcar

Arteaga Campbell, Annelis

Beltrao Molento, Marcelo

Bertot Valdés, José Alberto

Izquierdo Pérez, Nelson

Palacio Collado, Danays

Vázquez Gil, Ángel

English

Portal de Revistas - Universidad de Camagüey

Journal of Animal Production 29 (1), pages 31-36, 2017 I S S N  2 2 2 4 - 7 9 2 0  Seasonal Behavior of Fasciola hepatica in Sacrificed Bovines at Chacuba Slaughterhouse, Camagüey, Cuba  Danays Palacio Collado*, José Alberto Bertot Valdés*, Marcelo Beltrao Molento**, Ángel Vázquez Gil*, Nelson Izquierdo Pérez*, Amílcar Arenal Cruz*, Annelis Arteaga Campbell*** *Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz University of Camaguey, Cuba   **Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parana, Cu-ritiba, Brazil    *** Chacuba Slaughterhouse, Maraguan Livestock Company, Camaguey, Cuba.    danays.palacio@reduc.edu.cu ABSTRACT To determine the existence of seasonal patterns for Fasciola hepatica infestation in bovines slaughtered in the province of Camaguey, Cuba, information gathered from 13 059 bovines sacrificed at the Chacuba slaughterhouse (Terso Livestock Basic Marketing Company, Maraguan Livestock Company), between 2008 and 2014, was used. The study included 2 387 animals affected by F. hepatica, according to the anatomical and pathological diagnostic made at the slaughterhouse. Prevalence calculations were based on the sacrificed and affected animals (18.27%) for the entire period. The seasonal decomposition process was based on additive model. It revealed the existence of sea-sonal behavior for the animals affected by Fasciola hepatica and its prevalence. The seasonal patterns had peaks in February, October and December for the two variables studied. Evaluation of intermediate hosts dynamics and larval F. hepatica stages were associated to the seasonal patterns observed.   Key words: seasonability, Fasciola hepatica, cattle, parasite infections                      INTRODUCTION  Fascioliasis is an anthroponotic disease, that mostly affects bovines and ovines, in Cuba, both in state-owned and private areas (Vázquez, Gutiérrez, Sánchez, 2010). Fasciola hepatica is a devastating trematode that impacts the economy and the physical health of animals, whose recent increase has been attributed to climatic change (Fox et al., 2011).   Climate has an impact on the parasite´s free life stages, and Lymnaea truncatula, as an intermedi-ate host. Temperature and rainfall interactions play a crucial role on the efficacy of transmission (Fox et al., 2011; Allison, Matthew, Pinchbeck and Williams, 2015).   A study made between 2008-2013, in a slaugh-terhouse in the province of Camagüey, Cuba, re-vealed the existence of variability in the preva-lence of F. hepatica due to year influence, the municipality the animals come from, and the cli-matic factors, particularly rainfall average (Arte-aga, 2014).    In Cuba, there are two well defined climatic seasons (dry and rainy). They have a critical in-fluence on pasture availability, the basis of dairy production (García, Betancourt, Guevara, Fajardo and Évora, 2005). Seasonal behavior patterns have been established in cattle systems for breed-ing-related variables (Ramírez et al., 2010; Figueroa, Bertot and Vázquez, 2010), but no such references have been published for issues con-cerning animal health. The aim of this paper was to determine sea-sonability of F. hepatica infestation in sacrificed bovines in the province of Camaguey, Cuba.     MATERIALS AND METHODS Location and duration                 The study used the records of 13 059 sacrificed bovines from January 2008 and December 2014, at the Chacuba industrial slaughterhouse Compa-ny, Terso Marketing Company, from the Maragu-an Livestock Company, in the province of Ca-maguey, Cuba.     Variables used                The monthly data from sacrificed animals, and animals affected by F. hepatica (resulting from anatomic and pathological diagnostics made at the slaughterhouse), were used. Prevalence was cal-culated as follows, Prevalence= (affected animals/sacrificed ani-mals) *100 Statistical analysis   Seasonal Behavior of Fasciola hepatica in Slaughter Bovines at Chacuba Slaughter House, Camaguey, Cuba  Journal of Animal Production 29 (1), pages 31-36, 2017 The data were registered monthly between 2008 and 2014, to make up time series. Year (non-periodic variable), month (12 periods), and date were determined to perform descriptive analysis (auto-correlation, partial auto-correlation, and crossed correlation between variable pairs) of time series. Considering the behavior of the month pattern for the variables, an additive model was used to carry out seasonal decomposition. All statistical analyses were made with Statgraphics Centurión XVI Version 16.1.18 (Statpoint, Inc. 1982-2012). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The number of sacrificed animals was higher in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2014, with the greatest prevalence for F. hepatica in 2010, 2011, and 2013. In the first three years of the series, the total number of affected animals was practically stable (Table 1).  These differences in annual prevalence may be attributed to climatic variations, since larval de-velopment and survival of F. hepatica on the grass relied on precipitations, relative humidity and temperature (Ticona, Chávez, Casas and Chavera, 2010). So it is frequently observed in regions with elevated rainfall, and soils with poor drainage and high water retention. These condi-tions are favorable to survival and multiplication of the intermediate host (Galba cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella), and the transmission of the parasite (Bosco, Rinaldi and Musella, 2015; Caminade and Van Dijk, 2015). The eggs released through the biliary ducts into the outside through feces. In 9-14 days they de-velop another evolutionary stage, miracidia. Fi-nally, the cycle within the snail lasts between 5-6 weeks. It will take 10-12 weeks from ingestion of the infecting stage, until the sexually mature para-sites begin to get rid of eggs through feces (Esca-lona, 2012; León, Silveira, Pérez and Olazábal, 2013; Bennema, Scholte, Molento, Medeiros and Carvalho, 2014). The best temperature for F. hepatica can devel-op in the snail should be above 10 ºC. Therefore, it is almost inexistent during the dry season, any-where. During the rainy season, all eggs are incu-bated (Vázquez, Sánchez, Alba and Pointier, 2015).    Moreover, the application of mathematical models created in Europe included climatic varia-bles from data collected in Camaguey, in 2013. Van Dijk et al. (2016) showed an increase in the number of metacercaria in the grass, during the rainy season, when the temperatures are warmer. Table 2 shows the highest values of seasonabil-ity for the animals affected between February-April, October and December. Meanwhile, the an-imals affected in February, October and Decem-ber corresponded to the prevalence behavior. The activity observed in annual sub-series for the sacrificed animals was appealing, with unusu-al behaviors in 2008, 2009 and 2014 (Fig. 1). Hence, the absence of a common seasonal pattern may be a reasonable conclusion. On the contrary, the affected animals showed coincidences in case decline, in June-September, and the peaks in Feb-ruary and October (Fig. 2). Although in 2009 and 2010 certain peaks were observed in December, the existence of a common seasonal behavior pat-tern for all the years may have been considered. The environmental conditions stimulate snail and larvae growth of F. hepatica. The infestation produced in the dry season is much less important than the one that takes place in the rainy season, probably caused by the high mortality rate of snails during the dry season, and particularly, the mortality of infected snails (Selemetas, 2015). In this study, prevalence had the highest values in February and October, during the study (Fig. 3). A similar behavior was observed for the annual sub-series, except in 2008 and 2015.   The seasonal indexes and the behavior of annual sub-series observed, evidenced their importance and the dependence of the slaughterhouse find-ings on the climatic conditions. It can be ex-plained by the behavior of the disease, widely documented in the scientific literature (Bennema, Scholte, Molento, Medeiros and Carvalho, 2014; Van Dijk et al., 2016; Giménes, Núñes, Chamorro and Alarcón, 2014, and Robertson, 2014). The results achieved proved the existence of a seasonal behavior for the animals affected with F. hepatica under the conditions of Camaguey in sacrificed bovines, and the prevalence of the dis-ease characterized by peaks in February and Oc-tober, respectively.   CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of intermediate host dynamics and larval stages of F. hepatica should be evaluated to establish a relationship with the seasonal patterns observed in infested, sacrificed bovines, and its prevalence. Danays Palacio, J. A. Bertot, M. Beltrao, Á. Vázquez, N. Izquierdo, A. Arenal, A. Arteaga Journal of Animal Production 29 (1), pages 31-36, 2017 REFERENCES  ALISON, H.; MATTHEW, S. R.; PINCHBECK, G. y WILLIAMS, D. (2015). Epidemiology and Impact of Fasciola hepatica Exposure in High-Yielding Dairy Herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 121 (1-2), 41-48. Extraído el 12 de enero de 2016, de http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587715002123. ARTEAGA, A. (2014). Redes neuronales en la predic-ción de pevalencia de Fasciola hepatica en el mata-dero Chacuba de Camagüey, Cuba. Tesis de Maes-tría en Diagnóstico Veterinario. BENNEMA, S.; SCHOLTE, R.; MOLENTO, M.; MEDEIROS, C. y CARVALHO, O. (2014). 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Natural Prevalence in Cuban Populations of the lymnaeid snail Galba cubensis Infected with the Liver Fluke Fasciola hepatica: Small Values do Matter. Parasitology Res, 114 (11), 4205-4210. Ex-traído el 12 de enero de 2016, de http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-015-4653-2. VÁZQUEZ, A.; GUTIÉRREZ, A. y SÁNCHEZ, J. (2010). Estudios de diversidad en comunidades de molus-cos fluviales de importancia médica. Revista Cuba-na de Medicina Tropical. 60 (2):159-161. Extraído el 12 de enero de 2016, de http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0375-07602008000200009. . Received: 1-22-2015 Accepted: 2-1-2015    Table 1. Case summary    Year      Affected animals           Animals     Affected ani-mals                Prevalence (%)    2008 2452 493 20.11 2009 1960 416 21.22 2010 1620 484 29.88 2011 991 254 25.63 2012 879 162 18.43 2013 797 184 23.09 2014 4360 394 9.03 Total 13059 2387 18.27       Table 22. Seasonal indexes for the variables studied                Month    Sacrificed animals                    Affected animals               Prevalence (%)   1 -31.61 -9.52 -6.45 2 63.11 20.19 32.61 3 38.11 0.33 -0.03 4 23.59 1.50 -5.10 5 -23.24 -4.34 -20.61 6 -46.88 -11.73 -17.16 7 -50.47 -15.71 -12.90 8 -10.92 -5.82 -10.41 9 0.18 -3.20 -4.17 10 32.65 11.67 15.24 11 -38.44 -4.70 -0.47 12 43.92 21.32 29.46      Fig. 1. Annual sub-series for the sacrificed animals             Fig. 2. Annual sub-series for the affected animals                Fig. 3. Annual sub-series for prevalence                    

Seasonal Behavior of Fasciola hepatica in Sacrificed Bovines at Chacuba Slaughterhouse, Camagüey, Cuba.

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Seasonal Behavior of Fasciola hepatica in Sacrificed Bovines at Chacuba Slaughterhouse, Camagüey, Cuba.

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