3,107 research outputs found
The effects of age-of-acquisition and frequency-of-occurrence in visual word recognition: Further evidence from the Dutch language
It has been claimed that the frequency eOEect in visual word naming is an artefact of age-of-acquisition: Words are named faster not because they are encountered more often in texts, but because they have been acquired earlier. In a series of experiments using immediate naming, lexical decision, and masked priming, we found that frequency had a clear eOEect in lexical tasks when age-of-acquisition is controlled for. At the same time, age-ofacquisition was a significant variable in all tasks, whereas imageability had no effect. These results corroborate findings previously reported in English and Dutch
Explanatory Proofs and Beautiful Proofs
This paper concerns the relation between a proof’s beauty and its explanatory power – that is, its capacity to go beyond proving a given theorem to explaining why that theorem holds. Explanatory power and beauty are among the many virtues that mathematicians value and seek in various proofs, and it is important to come to a better understanding of the relations among these virtues. Mathematical practice has long recognized that certain proofs but not others have explanatory power, and this paper offers an account of what makes a proof explanatory. This account is motivated by a wide range of examples drawn from mathematical practice, and the account proposed here is compared to other accounts in the literature. The concept of a proof that explains is closely intertwined with other important concepts, such as a brute force proof, a mathematical coincidence, unification in mathematics, and natural properties. Ultimately, this paper concludes that the features of a proof that would contribute to its explanatory power would also contribute to its beauty, but that these two virtues are not the same; a beautiful proof need not be explanatory
Efficient Doubling on Genus Two Curves over Binary Fields
In most algorithms involving elliptic and hyperelliptic curves, the costliest part consists in computing multiples of ideal classes. This paper investigates how to compute faster doubling over fields of characteristic two.
We derive explicit doubling formulae making strong use of the defining equation of the curve. We analyze how many field operations are needed depending on the curve making clear how much generality one loses by the respective choices. Note, that none of the proposed types is known to
be weak – one only could be suspicious because of the more special types. Our results allow to choose curves from a large enough variety which have extremely fast doubling needing only half the time of an addition. Combined with a sliding window method this leads to fast computation
of scalar multiples. We also speed up the general case
The effects of age-of-acquisition and frequency-of-occurrence in visual word recognition: Further evidence from the Dutch language.
Quantitative Comparison of Abundance Structures of Generalized Communities: From B-Cell Receptor Repertoires to Microbiomes
The \emph{community}, the assemblage of organisms co-existing in a given
space and time, has the potential to become one of the unifying concepts of
biology, especially with the advent of high-throughput sequencing experiments
that reveal genetic diversity exhaustively. In this spirit we show that a tool
from community ecology, the Rank Abundance Distribution (RAD), can be turned by
the new MaxRank normalization method into a generic, expressive descriptor for
quantitative comparison of communities in many areas of biology. To illustrate
the versatility of the method, we analyze RADs from various \emph{generalized
communities}, i.e.\ assemblages of genetically diverse cells or organisms,
including human B cells, gut microbiomes under antibiotic treatment and of
different ages and countries of origin, and other human and environmental
microbial communities. We show that normalized RADs enable novel quantitative
approaches that help to understand structures and dynamics of complex
generalize communities
Gaussian Process Priors for Systems of Linear Partial Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
Partial differential equations (PDEs) are important tools to model physical
systems and including them into machine learning models is an important way of
incorporating physical knowledge. Given any system of linear PDEs with constant
coefficients, we propose a family of Gaussian process (GP) priors, which we
call EPGP, such that all realizations are exact solutions of this system. We
apply the Ehrenpreis-Palamodov fundamental principle, which works as a
non-linear Fourier transform, to construct GP kernels mirroring standard
spectral methods for GPs. Our approach can infer probable solutions of linear
PDE systems from any data such as noisy measurements, or pointwise defined
initial and boundary conditions. Constructing EPGP-priors is algorithmic,
generally applicable, and comes with a sparse version (S-EPGP) that learns the
relevant spectral frequencies and works better for big data sets. We
demonstrate our approach on three families of systems of PDEs, the heat
equation, wave equation, and Maxwell's equations, where we improve upon the
state of the art in computation time and precision, in some experiments by
several orders of magnitude.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures; ICML 2023 (oral); updated with expanded
appendices and ancillary files. Code available at
https://github.com/haerski/EPGP. For animations, see
https://mathrepo.mis.mpg.de/EPGP/index.html. For a presentation see
https://icml.cc/virtual/2023/oral/25571. The paper and all ancillary files
are released under CC-B
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