Some of the Cult Traditions Followed in the Later Chola Period

Worship a deity has been followed since ancient times. Worship has varied with time. The ancient tribal people worshipped nature as their only deity. Later as civilization developed, worship also began to change depending on the group or based on a community. Burying the dead and planting a stone in his memory, then a wall around the stone are some of the practices that were followed by a group of people. Nadukal worship and Pallipadai worship developed during Chera, Chola and Pandiyar period. All these kind of worship has been known through excavation. Through this, one can know the heroic deeds of the ancestors. According to today's psychologists, children who have been involved in rituals from a young age are afraid of making a big mistake in their life. The ancient Tamil people practiced this centuries ago. Worship is the basis for a man to be in good moral deeds. The ancient Tamil people have taught this kind of special norms to us and so we should be forever grateful to the Tamil community. The young generation living today must understand the need for worship and pass it on to the next generation. This article is about the worships followed by the later Cholas such as Nadukal worship, Pallipadai worship, Navakandam, Nandavilaku etc. and the rise of Saivism. Through this article, it is also possible to know that people followed Vaishnava worship, Jainism and Buddhism during the era of Raja rasa Chola. In addition to all these, we can also know about the great temple of Thanjavur, which is a hall of sculptures that have passed through many earthquakes and is standing majestically after a thousand years

Rajarajan's Family and Relationships in Udayar Novel

Rajarajan's family mentioned in literature is praiseworthy. Sembiyan Mathevi, the wife of Kandarathithar, came as the daughter-in-law of the Chola dynasty and lived unitedly in the same palace, looking after her husband, his brother Sundara Chola, and his wife Vanavan Mathevi. Any event that took place during the reign of Sundara Cholar and the successors Uttama Chola and Arulmozhivarman would be reported to Sembiyan Mathevi and her opinion would be heard and acted upon. Sembian Matheviyar was a great old woman in that palace. Arinjaya Chola's son, Sundara Chola, who was called Parantha II, raised his children carefully. After Sundara Chola, he said who should come to the throne. He has the right personality and skills. It is evident from the novel that the wives of Uttama Chola have acted as good daughters-in-law in obedience to the mother-in-law, Sembiyan Mathevi. Apart from that, it is also known through the book that Rajarajan's wives also treated Sembiyan Mathevi with respect and dignity. Kundavai Devi, who grew up under her, is also a powerful woman in the Chola country. Kundavai's younger brother Rajaraja Chola was also a king with a great personality. Along the way, their habits continue. Similarly, Rajendra Chola, the great-grandson of Sembiyan Mathevi, also performed well and ruled the Chola country. Rajaraja's family relations can be understood from this article

Grundy coloring of middle graph of wheel graph families

A Grundy k-coloring of a graph G is a proper k-coloring of vertices in G using colors {1, 2, · · · , k} such that for any two colors i and j, i < j, any vertex colored j is adjacent to some vertex colored i. The First-Fit or Grundy chromatic number (or simply Grundy number) of a graph G, denoted by Γ (G), is the largest integer k, such that there exists a Grundy k-coloring for G. It can be easily seen that Γ (G) equals to the maximum number of colors used by the greedy (or First-Fit) coloring of G [10]. In this paper, we obtain the Grundy chromatic number of middle graph of graph G, denoted by M (G), where G be a cycle or sunlet graph or star graph or wheel graph or helm graph.Publisher's Versio

A description of mental health care practitioners and a mental health care director's perceptions of mental health care nurses obtaining prescription authority in eThekwini district KwaZulu-Natal.

Thesis (M.N.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2014.Aim To explore Mental Health Care Practitioners and a Mental Health Care Directors perceptions of mental health care nurses obtaining prescription authority in eThekwini District KwaZulu-Natal. Methodology A qualitative design was used to gather data through individual interviews and a focus group interview. Purposive sampling was used to select the study setting (five (5) Out Patient Departments, two (2) Community Health Centres, one (1) tertiary educational institution, and one district office), potential participants were not sampled. Participants included; twenty six mental health care nurses (n=26), one (1) psychiatrist (n=1), four (4) medical officers (n=4) and one (n=1) mental health care director. Thematic analysis using the steps outlined by Braun and Clark (2006) was used to analyse the data. Results The majority of participants were not aware of policies or legislation allowing nurses to prescribe medication. Participating mental health care nurses from an education setting were more knowledgeable than other participants about current legislation and policy. Study findings indicate that nurses’ obtaining prescriptive authority is not on the provincial department of health agenda. In addition, participating ppsychiatrists and medical officers expressed reservations about nurses obtaining prescriptive authority, specifically independent prescriptive authority. Participating mental health nurses displayed ambivalence related to the pursuit of prescriptive authority. Conclusion and Recommendations The challenge for mental health nurses is suggested to be the achievement of a collaborative working relationship within the discipline of nursing, and between the discipline of nursing and medicine / psychiatry. It is suggested mental health care directors, and the SANC, be proactive, look to the future in advising the health minister about access and barriers to mental health care treatment. In addition, the SANC champion the nurse, specifically the mental health care nurse in obtaining prescriptive authority for schedule 5-6 psychotropic medications. Further research is required to generate more in-depth data, specifically research that explores mental health care nurses’ reluctance to pursue prescriptive authority

Seed priming with different levels and sources of zinc on the seed germination and seedling growth of barnyard millet (Echinocola frumentacea)

Seed priming with zinc increases the seed germination and seedling growth of many crops. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of seed priming with different levels and sources of zinc on seed germination and seedling growth of barnyard millet variety MDU1. A germination experiment was conducted with various Zn sources and concentrations viz., T1- Non-primed seeds (control); T2-water priming; T3-GA3 priming; T4-T6: seed priming with 0.10%,  0.25% &amp; 0.50% ZnSO4 ; T7- T9:  seed priming with 0.10%, 0.25% &amp; 0.50% Zn EDTA; T10-T12: seed priming with 0.10%, 0.25% &amp; 0.50% Zn citrate and the experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) which were replicated five times. The seeds of MDU1 variety were treated with different sources and levels of Zn for 12h and the seed germination study was carried out for 15 days. After 15 days, the germination percentage, speed of germination, germination energy, germination index and the seedling growth parameters such as, root length, shoot length, vigour index and seedling dry weight were recorded. Seed priming with 0.50% ZnSO4 performed better in increasing the germination percentage (99%), speed of germination (76.2%), germination energy (69.4%), germination index (3.91) and seedlings growth parameters like shoot length (14.7cm), root length (16.5cm), seedlings dry weight (0.44g), vigour index I (3099) and II (44.6),  Zn content (21.9 mg kg-1) &amp; its uptake (5.54 mg g-1). This was closely followed by seed priming of Zn EDTA at 0.25% and Zn citrate at 0.50%. From this study, it can be concluded that seed priming with 0.50% ZnSO4 could be used to improve the germination and seedling growth of barnyard millet which was also economical.

Prosuđivanje vrijednosti rekombinantnog leptospiralnog antigena LipL41 za uporabu u imunoenzimnom testu i lateks aglutinaciji

Leptospirosis is an important global veterinary health problem caused by spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. Leptospires are ubiquitous in nature, and therefore able to adapt to both the ambient environment and the renal tubules of chronically infected reservoir hosts. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) remains a specialized test, which is not generally performed in the routine diagnostic laboratories. In an effort to develop new diagnostic tests to achieve high sensitivity, the focus is mainly on the outer membrane proteins. LipL41 is one among the immunogenic outer membrane proteins that is highly conserved among pathogenic species of Leptopspira. The recombinant based outer membrane protein antigen LipL41 was evaluated for use in the diagnosis of canine leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgG-ELISA) and latex agglutination test (LAT). The sensitivity and specificity of the developed assays were analyzed with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using 221 canine serum samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA were 83.33% and 93.07%, and the sensitivity and specificity of the latex agglutination test were 95.83% and 96.04% respectively. The assays proved to be as sensitive, specific and accurate as the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT).Leptospiroza je uzrokovana spirohetama roda Leptospira i predstavlja važan zdravstveni problem za veterinarsku medicinu. Leptospire su posvudašnje bakterije pa se mogu prilagoditi i okolišnim uvjetima i uvjetima u bubrežnim tubulima kronično zaraženog domaćina. Mikroskopska aglutinacija i nadalje ostaje standardni test koji se općenito ne provodi u svakidašnjoj laboratorijskoj dijagnostici. U nastojanju da se razviju novi dijagnostički testovi veće osjetljivosti, istraživanja su usmjerena na proteine vanjske membrane. LipL41 je jedan od imunogenih proteina membrane koji je visoko konzerviran među patogenim vrstama leptospira. Rekombinantni protein vanjske membrane LipL41 vrednovan je kao antigen za uporabu u imunoenzimnom testu i lateks aglutinaciji za dijagnosticiranje leptospiroze u pasa. Pretragom 221 uzorka pasjeg seruma, analizirana je osjetljivost i specifičnost spomenutih testova. Osjetljivost imunoenzimnog testa u odnosu na mikroskopsku aglutinaciju iznosila je 83,33%, a specifičnost 93,07%. Osjeljivost lateks aglutinacije bila je 95,83%, a specifičnost 96,04%. Dokazano je da su razvijeni testovi osjetljivi, specifični i točni kao i standardni test mikroskopske aglutinacije

Inductive cum targeted yield model based Integrated fertilizer prescriptions for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under drip fertigation on an alfisol

Soil test crop response (STCR) correlation studies under Integrated Plant Nutrition System were conducted in the western agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu during 2020-2021 to devise the fertilizer prescription equations for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)  under drip fertigation on an alfisol. The equations were derived by following Ramamoorthy’s Inductive cum targeted yield model. The nutrient requirement of N, P2O5 and K2O for producing one quintal of tomato fruit was found to be 0.22, 0.11, 0.27 kg respectively. The per cent contribution of nutrients were 37.93, 46.73 and 29.53 of N, P2O5 and K2O from soil (Cs) and 47.84, 31.12 and 74.13 of N, P2O5 and K2O from fertilizers (Cf) respectively. Two organic sources were applied viz., FYM (Farm Yard Manure) and Biocompost and the per cent contribution of nutrients from FYM were 38.36, 13.22 and 52.17 of N, P2O5 and K2O and from biocompost were 43.34, 10.90 and 57.00 of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively. Fertilizer adjustment equations were formulated for STCR-NPK alone, STCR-IPNS (FYM) and STCR-IPNS (Biocompost) by applying the basic parameters such as NR, Cs, Cf, Cfym, Cbiocompost. A ready reckoner of fertilizer doses for a set of soil test values at yield targets 80 and 90 t ha-1 was computed. The findings also showed that the adoption of STCR-IPNS could save more fertilizers

Development of soil test crop response based fertilizer prescriptions through integrated plant nutrition system for aggregatum onion (Allium cepa L.) under drip fertigation

An insight into the balanced crop nutrition and efficient irrigation will be rewarding to attain profitable bulb yield of shallow-rooted and high nutrient requiring aggregatum onion. To develop fertilizer prescription equations(FPEs) for aggregatum onion under drip fertigation by encompassing the Soil Test Crop Response approach (STCR), a field experiment was conducted in Palaviduthi soil series with 15 treatments viz., Absolute control (T1), Blanket recommendation (60:60:30) + Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 12.5 t ha-1(T2), STCR based NPK fertilizer recommendation (STCR-NPK) for the targeted yield of 14 (T3),15 (T4),16 t ha-1 (T5), FYM @ 6.25 (T6), 12.5 t ha-1 (T7), STCR–NPK+FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 for the targeted yield of 14 (T8),15 (T9),16 t ha-1 (T10), Biocompost @ 2.5 (T11), 5 t ha-1 (T12) and STCR–NPK+Biocompost @ 5 t ha-1 for the targeted yield of 14 (T13),15 (T14),16 t ha-1 (T15). The results revealed that T10 was more supercilious than others. The basic parameters were deliberated from the experimental data on total nutrient uptake, initial soil fertility status, applied fertilizer doses. The aggregatum onion (variety CO 4) required 0.43, 0.32, 0.45 Kg of N, P2O5, K2O to produce one quintal of bulb yield. The percent contribution of nutrients from soil and fertilizer was 14.01, 54.57 for N, 35.11,50.50 for P2O5 and 12.69, 70.12 for K2O, respectively. The contribution of N, P2O5, K2O from FYM and biocompost were 41.02, 16.23, 41.53 and 47.98, 15.87, 49.56 percent sequentially. Based on the above parameters, the fertilizer prescription equations were formulated for aggregatum onion under drip fertigation in Palaviduthi soil series

Extrapolation of post-harvest soil test values in barnyard millet-based cropping sequence through multivariate analysis

The soil test value is based on the soil test-based fertilizer prescription/ recommendation equation. Each crop harvesting after the next crop is necessary to analyze the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternative technique to predict postharvest soil tests after the harvest of every crop. For that a study was conducted in mixed black calcareous soils at Tamil Nadu agricultural University, Coimbatore to develop the post-harvest prediction equations for available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in barnyard millet cropping sequence based on a multiple regression model by considering post-harvest soil test value as the dependent variable and initial available nutrients, fertilizer doses and crop yield or crop nutrient uptake as an independent variables. The developed model was validated by computing R2 value, RMSE (root means square error), RE (relative error), and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) and the developed model was found to be valid.  Using the validated model, post-harvest soil test values were predicted. A fertilizer recommendation was made for blackgram based on predicted post-harvest soil test values in the barnyard millet-blackgram cropping sequence. The predicted soil test values were compared with actual soil test values and it revealed that the developed model is fairly accurate and best-fitted with more precision. The predicted post-harvest soil test values of barnyard millet could be used in order to prescribe fertilizer for desired yield targets for subsequent crops

Post-harvest soil nutrient prediction in hybrid castor (Ricinus communis l.) Cropping sequence using a multivariate analysis technique

In the era of precision agriculture, the fertilizer prescription based on the soil fertility status is much required.  Analyzing the soil after each crop is necessary for fertilizer recommendation and developing an alternative technique to forecast the soil available nutrient value rather than analyzing the soil. Multiple linear regression (MLR) equation was developed using filed experiment data to predict the soil available nutrient in castor cropping sequence. The post-harvest soil available nutrient was considered as the dependent variable and the initially available soil nutrient values, fertilizer added, yield and nutrient uptake of castor as an independent variable. In general, the post-harvest soil nutrient model's prediction accuracy was notable and had a coefficient of determination of less than 0.90. By calculating the RMSE (root means square error), R2 value, the ratio performance to deviation (RPD) and, RE (relative error) the performance of the MLR model was confirmed.Using the validated model, post-harvest soil available nutrients were predicted and compared with laboratory tested soil available nutreints. It turned out that the established model is more precisely effective and equally precise. Fertilizer recommendation could be made to subsequent crop after hybrid castor using the predicted soil available nutrients