Impact of the Jamapa River Basin on the Gulf of Mexico

The Jamapa River basin is located in the central region of the State of Veracruz, it is born in the Pico de Orizaba and connects with the Veracruz Reef System in the Gulf of Mexico, both protected natural areas. The lower part of the basin has the contribution of two important effluents, Arroyo Moreno, which is a protected natural area, strongly impacted due to municipal discharges from the metropolitan cities Veracruz-Boca del Río-Medellín. And the Estero, which is part of a complex aquatic system that discharges its waters from the Lagunar Mandinga system to the Gulf of Mexico. Currently, there is a diversity of chemical and biological compounds that the basin receives from different sources of freshwater pollution, such as industrial waste, sewage, agricultural and urban runoff, and the accumulation of sediments. The climatic seasons are the determining factors in the composition of its sediments, due to the force exerted on the bottom of the river by the increase in rainfall, the force of the winds mainly in the north wind season, where the greatest quantity of polluting materials

Use of tropical macrophytes in wastewater treatment

Macrophytes in natural wetlands are the plants responsible for nutrient uptake and seem to be an efficient option in phytoremediation systems. a) Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation process of ornamental macrophytes fed with university wastewater, through physiological measurements before and after planting in a HC (constructed wetland) in a tropical climate. b) The study was divided into two stages. 0.5 x 2. 0 m, three fractions were evaluated at 50%, 75%, 100% from university wastewater and natural water (white), where the following species were placed: Strelitzia reginae, Alpinia purpurata, Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Cyperus papyrus, Pistia stratiotes, Iris germánica, Spathiphyllum wallisii, Ruellia brittoniana, Pennisetum purpureum and Heliconia psittacorum, remaining for a period of 40 days.  Subsequently, the individuals were seeded and evaluated in an HC to finalise the adaptation period. The physiological variables measured were % survival, stem thickness, number of flowers and indirect chlorophyll. Biomass was included as a growth variable for the second stage. c) The results showed that during the first stage in the containers of the 14 initial species, a total of 11 species survived, i.e. 78.5% of the total, which made it possible to observe the type of plants with the greatest capacity to survive in high concentrations of contaminants, thus obtaining the priority in which these would be planted. d) They also indicated that there were significant differences (p=0.005) regarding physiology for all the HC species, showing better adaptation for Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Ruellia brittoniana, Alpinia purpurata, Cyperus papyrus and Heliconia psittacorum. e) These results demonstrate the macrophytes with greater adaptation as phytoremediation plants in HC systems in tropical climates, resulting from the feeding of university wastewaterObjective: To evaluate the adaptation process of ornamental tropical macrophytes irrigated with wastewater, through physiological measurements before and after planting in a tropical constructed wetland (CW). Design/Methodology/Approach: Three fractions were evaluated with 50%, 75%, and 100% wastewater and natural water (blank) in 0.5 × 2.0 m fiberglass containers. The following species were placed in the containers during 40 days: Strelitzia reginae, Alpinia purpurata, Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Cyperus papyrus, Pistia stratiotes, Spathiphyllum wallisii, Ruellia brittoniana, Pasto pennisetum, Solenostemon scutellarioides, Iresine herbstii, Lantana camara, Duranta eracta golden, and Asparagus densiflorus. Subsequently, the individuals —including Heliconia psittacorum and Iris germanica— were planted and evaluated in a CW after the adaptation period, in order to replace the macrophyte lost during the said period. The following physiological variables were measured: survival percentage, stem thickness, number of flowers, chlorophyll index, and biomass (as a growth variable). Results: During the first stage (containers), only 11 out of the 14 initial species survived (78.5%), which allowed us to establish which plants had the highest survival capacity in high concentrations of pollutants. These results determined the priority with which these would be planted in the CW. Study Limitations/Implications: Significant physiological differences were observed (p ≤ 0.005) in all CW species. Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Ruellia brittoniana, Alpinia purpurata, Cyperus papyrus, and Heliconia psittacorum recorded better adaptation. Findings/Conclusions: The macrophytes studied show great adaptation as phytoremediative plants in tropical CW systems; however, their physiological development is different

Toxicidad de diurón, Glifosato y Paraquat en postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana (Decapoda: Caridea) de la parte sur del estuario del Río Jamapa, Veracruz, SW del Golfo de México

Background. The southern zone of the estuary of the Jamapa River, Veracruz, is a place of transition between the river and the marine environment to which sediments, compounds, and species of crustaceans are transported to the neritic zone where is the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objective. The responses of exposure of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae to diuron, glyphosate, and paraquat, as well as the relative abundance, diversity of the association of crustaceans, and values of temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, and dissolved solids in the estuary were evaluated. Methods. Sampling was carried out with white light traps in November and March. Living Potimirim mexicana postlarvae were obtained from the samples to carry out the bioassays; the remaining individuals of the association were fixed in 70% alcohol for identification and quantification. The environmental factors were measured using a multiparameter Hanna HI 9828. Results. Dissolved oxygen was of 6-7 mgL-1, pH of 8-9, temperature of 26-27° C, total dissolved solids of 700-1,500 ppm and salinity of 0.70-16 ups. Environmental conditions permit the presence of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae. Six taxa were found: postlarvae of Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii and Potimirim mexicana, megalopae of Callinectes sapidus and Armases ricordi, and zoeae of Brachyura. Diversity ranged from 1.55 to 1.77 bits*individual-1, indicating an intermediate stability of the estuary. A total of 12,827 postlarvae of P. mexicana were obtained. The LC50 values of diuron, paraquat, and glyphosate were 5.94, 1.51, and 221.05 mgL-1, respectively. Conclusions. The values found here are consistent with those obtained by other authors for different species of crustaceans. Due to the important ecological in the food web of P. mexicana, its postlarvae can be used as sensitive test organisms in ecotoxicological studies.Antecedentes. La zona sur del estuario del río Jamapa, Veracruz, es un lugar de transición entre el río y el medio marino al que se transportan sedimentos, compuestos y especies de crustáceos hasta la zona nerítica donde se encuentra el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objetivo. Se evaluaron las respuestas de exposición de las postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana a diurón, glifosato y paraquat, así como la abundancia relativa, diversidad de asociación de crustáceos y valores de temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno, pH y sólidos disueltos en el estuario. Métodos. El muestreo se realizó con trampas de luz blanca en noviembre y marzo. De las muestras se obtuvieron postlarvas vivas de Potimirim mexicana para realizar los bioensayos; los restantes individuos de la asociación se fijaron en alcohol al 70% para su identificación y cuantificación. Los factores ambientales se midieron utilizando un multiparamétrico Hanna HI 9828. Resultados. El oxígeno disuelto fue de 6-7 mgL-1, pH de 8-9, temperatura de 26-27 ° C, sólidos disueltos totales de 700-1,500 ppm y salinidad de 0,70-16 ups. Las condiciones ambientales permiten la presencia de postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana. Se encontraron seis taxones: postlarvas de Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii y Potimirim mexicana, megalopas de Callinectes sapidus y Armases ricordi y zoeas de Brachyura. La diversidad osciló entre 1,55 y 1,77 bits*individuo-1, lo que indica una estabilidad intermedia del estuario. Se obtuvieron un total de 12,827 postlarvas de P. mexicana. Los valores de LC50 de diurón, paraquat y glifosato fueron 5.94, 1.51 y 221.05 mgL-1, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los valores aquí encontrados son consistentes con los obtenidos por otros autores para diferentes especies de crustáceos. Debido a la importancia ecológica en la trama trófica de P. mexicana, sus postlarvas pueden usarse como organismos de prueba sensibles en estudios ecotoxicológicos

Avances del Sargo Archosargus probatocephalus (WALBAUM, 1792) en la acuicultura como respuesta al cambio climático

Se espera una disminución hasta el 40% de la pesca por efecto del cambio climático en regiones tropicales, causando la repercusión en la productividad primaria afectando mayormente a poblaciones de peces que llevan a cabo su reproducción en arrecifes y estuarios; sumado a esto no se cuenta con el acceso físico y económico a alimentos suficientes, seguros y nutritivos para satisfacer las necesidades alimentarias de la población. Por estas razones se pensó en la acuacultura como respuesta a la disminución de la pesca y para producción de alimento sustentable, con un pez nativo que habita en zonas de estuarios y arrecifes, como el sargo que por sus características biológicas y económicas puede ser idóneo para la acuacultura. Para ello se estableció un cultivo experimental de diciembre 2011 a marzo 2012 en el Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río consistió de 2 estaques circulares de 25 m3, en área cerrada, con sistema de recirculación acuícola, salinidad de 30 ppm (+ 1), pH de 8.3 (+ 0.4) y temperatura de 26 °C (+ 2). Al inicio se observó un comportamiento agresivo por lo cual se introdujeron refugios y se observó una mejoría. Se estableció una dieta de moluscos bivalvos, después con un flan a base de calamar y finalmente con alimento balanceado. Resultando que tuvo buena adaptación al cautiverio, buena aceptación del alimento balanceado, obteniendo una supervivencia del 95 % en cultivo, además el sargo tiene buen pecio en el mercado, por estas razones se considera una especie idónea para el cultivo

Avances del Sargo Archosargus probatocephalus (WALBAUM, 1792) en la acuicultura como respuesta al cambio climático

A reduction of up to 40% in fishing due to the effects of climate change in tropical regions is expected, causing the impact on primary productivity affecting mainly fish populations that carry out their reproduction in reefs and estuaries; In addition to this, there is no physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet the food needs of the population. For these reasons aquaculture was thought of as a response to the reduction of fishing and sustainable food production, with a native fish that lives in areas of estuaries and reefs, such as the sea bream, which due to its biological and economic characteristics may be suitable for aquaculture To this end, an experimental culture was established from December 2011 to March 2012 at the Technological Institute of Boca del Río, consisting of 2circular ponds of 25 m3, in closed area, with aquaculture recirculation system, salinity of 30 ppm (+1), pH of 8.3 (+ 0.4) and temperature of 26 ° C (+ 2). At first, aggressive behavior was observed, so shelters were introduced and an improvement was observed. A diet of bivalve molluscs was established, afterwith a custard based on squid and finally with balanced food. Being that it had good adaptation to captivity, good acceptance of the balanced feed, obtaining a 95% survival in culture, in addition the sea bream has good wreck in the market, for these reasons it is considered a suitable species for the culture.Se espera una disminución hasta el 40% de la pesca por efecto del cambio climático en regiones tropicales, causando la repercusión en la productividad primaria afectando mayormente a poblaciones de peces que llevan a cabo su reproducción en arrecifes y estuarios; sumado a esto no se cuenta con el acceso físico y económico a alimentos suficientes, seguros y nutritivos para satisfacer las necesidades alimentarias de la población. Por estas razones se pensó en la acuacultura como respuesta a la disminución de la pesca y para producción de alimento sustentable, con un pez nativo que habita en zonas de estuarios y arrecifes, como el sargo que por sus características biológicas y económicas puede ser idóneo para la acuacultura. Para ello se estableció un cultivo experimental de diciembre 2011 a marzo 2012 en el Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río consistió de 2 estaques circulares de 25 m3, en área cerrada, con sistema de recirculación acuícola, salinidad de 30 ppm (+ 1), pH de 8.3 (+ 0.4) y temperatura de 26 °C (+ 2). Al inicio se observó un comportamiento agresivo por lo cual se introdujeron refugios y se observó una mejoría. Se estableció una dieta de moluscos bivalvos, después con un flan a base de calamar y finalmente con alimento balanceado. Resultando que tuvo buena adaptación al cautiverio, buena aceptación del alimento balanceado, obteniendo una supervivencia del 95 % en cultivo, además el sargo tiene buen pecio en el mercado, por estas razones se considera una especie idónea para el cultivo

Effect of open field crop management on the floral development of gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the effect of open field crop management on gardenia flower development Design/methodology/approach: A randomized block design was used with a factorial arrangement of two factors conformed by field management (four levels: M1 = old plant in natural shade; M2 and M3 = old plant in full sun and M4 = mature plant in full sun) and the floral stages (eight levels: tender, lemony, striped, white, star, caracolled, open and yellow). Eight morphological descriptors were measured: flower weight, perianth length, perianth diameter, calyx length, calyx diameter, corolla width, number of sepals, and length of sepals. Results: The analysis of variance allowed to identify of highly significant differences (P ? 0.05) in the variables weight, perianth length, calyx length and diameter, number of sepals, and length of sepals for the management-stage interaction. In handling M1 and M2, the caracolled flower reached a weight greater than 2.94 ± 0.08 g with a perianth diameter of 60.66 ± 1.23 mm. The open flower presented the largest corolla width of 37.39 ± 1.07 mm. The white button cataloged from the commercial point of view in the category of buttons, according to weight, perianth diameter, and width of the corolla, presented flower characteristics; thus, classifying the floral development in three stages for buttons and five for flowers. Findings/conclusions: Cultivation management with natural shade increases the size of the flowers in terms of weight, perianth diameter, and corolla width. These descriptors can be used as quality criteria when selecting the flower. In addition, the open and caracolled flower can contain the largest reserve of volatile components and, as they are not commercial qualities, it could be used in the extraction of compounds to produce cosmetics.Objective: To analyze the effect of open field crop management on gardenia flower development Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized block design was used with a factorial arrangement of two factors conformed by field management (four levels: M1 = old plant in natural shade; M2 and M3 = old plant in full sun and M4 = mature plant in full sun) and the floral stages (eight levels: tender, lemony, striped, white, star, caracolled, open and yellow). Eight morphological descriptors were measured: flower weight, perianth length, perianth diameter, calyx length, calyx diameter, corolla width, number of sepals, and length of sepals. Results: The analysis of variance allowed to identify highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the variables weight, perianth length, calyx length and diameter, number of sepals, and length of sepals for the management-stage interaction. In handling M1 and M2, the caracolled flower reached a weight greater than 2.94 ± 0.08 g with a perianth diameter of 60.66 ± 1.23 mm. The open flower presented the largest corolla width of 37.39 ± 1.07 mm. The white button cataloged from the commercial point of view in the category of buttons, according to weight, perianth diameter, and width of the corolla, presented flower characteristics, thus classifying the floral development in three stages for buttons and five for flowers. Findings/Conclusions: Crop management with natural shade increases the size of the flowers in terms of weight, perianth diameter, and corolla width. These descriptors can be used as quality criteria when selecting the flower. In addition, the open and caracolled flower can contain the largest reserve of volatile components and, as they are not commercial qualities, it could be used in the extraction of compounds to produce cosmetics

Presencia de formas parasitarias de importancia zoonótica en arena de playas que inciden en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano

Background. The Veracruz coastal zone in Mexico has a vast coastline where different tourist (use of beaches), economic (urban-port, commercial, and gastronomic), social, cultural, and sports activities are carried out. In Mexico, the only regulation that refers to the quality of beaches is NMX-AA-120-SCFI-2016, in which the absence of fecal matter is determined as an indicator of its sanitary quality. However, the inadequate management of fecal material in recreational beaches compromises public health and contributes to water and sand quality deterioration. Objective. To evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of zoonotic importance in the sand of the beaches of the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area that affect the Veracruz Reef System National Park. Methods. A total of 100 samples of beach sand and 19 samples of fecal matter were taken in the period from June to October 2021. The analyzes were carried out at the Boca del Río Technological Institute/Aquatic Resources Research Laboratory by the Willis flotation technique and cup sedimentation. The presence of helminths was identified and quantified as bioindicators of fecal matter contamination. Results. Of the sand samples, 28 % were positive for parasitic forms with a recovery of 112 parasitic forms, of which 67.85 % correspond to parasites of the genus Strongyloides sp. and Hookworms. 32.35 % corresponds to non-pathogenic parasites for humans. Of the fecal matter samples collected, only 42.1 % showed positivity to the parasitized forms mentioned above. Conclusions. The presence of parasitic pathogenic forms in the sand samples indicates fecal contamination, which compromises the sanitary and environmental quality of the beach sand of the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area and the Veracruz Reef System National Park.Antecedentes. La zona costera de Veracruz cuenta con un amplio litoral en donde se realizan diferentes actividades turísticas (uso de playas), económicas (urbano-portuario, comercial y gastronómico), sociales, culturales y deportivas. En México, la única norma que hace referencia a la calidad de playas es la NMX-AA120-SCFI-2016, en la cual se determina la ausencia de materia fecal como indicador de su calidad sanitaria; sin embargo, el inadecuado manejo de la materia fecal canina en playas recreativas compromete la salud pública y contribuye al deterioro de la calidad del agua y arena. Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de formas parasitarias de importancia zoonótica en arena de playas de la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río que inciden en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Métodos. Se tomaron en total 100 muestras de arena de playa y 19 muestras de materia fecal en el período comprendido de junio a octubre de 2021. Los análisis se realizaron en el Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río/Laboratorio de Investigación de Recursos Acuáticos, por la técnica de flotación de Willis y sedimentación en copa. Se identificó y cuantificó la presencia de helmintos como bioindicadores de contaminación por materia fecal. Resultados. 28 % de las muestras fueron positivas a formas parasitarias con una recuperación de 112 formas parasitarias, de las cuales el 67.74 % corresponden a parásitos del género Strongyloides sp. y anquilostomídeos. El 32.35 % corresponde a parásitos no patógenos para el hombre. De las muestras de materia fecal recolectadas solo 42.1 % mostraron positividad a formas parasitadas mencionadas anteriormente. Conclusiones. La presencia de formas parasitarias patógenas en las muestras de arena es un indicio de contaminación fecal que pone en riesgo la calidad sanitaria y ambiental de las playas arenosas de la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río y del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano

Pathogenic vibrios in the oyster Crassostrea virginica in the lagoon system of Mandinga, Veracruz, Mexico

Oyster consumption has been associated to the transmission of pathogenic bacteria, including those from the genus Vibrio. The objective of this investigation was to determine the concentrations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus in Crassostrea virginica from the lagoon system of Mandinga, Veracruz, and their relationships with salinity and water temperature. Only the periods of greater production and consumption of oysters were examined: the dry and rainy seasons during 2008. Four sampling sites were selected, from which three samples were collected per site per season, resulting in a total of 24 samples. Each sample consisted of 30 oysters of commercial size that were subsequently analyzed using serial dilution. Biochemical analysis of the resulting bacterial colonies revealed concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus ranged from < 3 to 150 MPN/g. A positive correlation was observed between temperature and the concentration of V. parahaemolyticus (r = 0.69, p < 0.05), while the correlation with salinity was negative (r = -0.68, p < 0.05). No significant correlations between the concentration of V. alginolyticus and water temperature and salinity were observed for the rainy season. The main contribution of this paper is to establish safe areas and periods for oyster extraction

Monogéneos parásitos de "Oreochromis" spp., en punto de venta

Oreochromis spp., is an important resource and aquaculture crop in different species have been detected P de monogeneans parasites, but we ignore the presence of parasites in specimens of sale. They were studied to helminthology to 9 fish on day one and 9 on the 15th day of a selling point of live tilapia. We recorded 5 species of monogeneans four species of gill parasites: Scutogyrus longicornis, Cichlidogyrus dossoni, C. sclerosus, C. tilapiae and a kind of intestinal monogenean Enterogyrus malmbergi. No species of other groups of parasites were recovered. The prevalence and average intensity higher was for C. sclerosus in both groups and no host zoonotic risk. Keywords: Oreochromis, Cichlidogyrus, Enterogyrus, crop.Oreochromis spp., es un importante recurso acuícola y en los cultivo se han detectado diferentes especies Pde monogéneos parásitos, pero desconocemos la presencia de parásitos en especímenes de venta. Se estudiaron para helmintología a 9 peces en el día uno y 9 en el día 15 de un punto de venta de tilapia viva. Registramos 5 especies de monogéneos, cuatro especies parásitos de branquias: Scutogyrus longicornis, Cichlidogyrus dossoni, C. sclerosus, C. tilapiae y una especie de monogéneo intestinal Enterogyrus malmbergi. No se recuperaron especies de otros grupos de parásitos. La mayor prevalencia e intensidad promedio fue para C. sclerosus en ambos grupos de hospederos y no hay riesgo zoonótico. Palabras clave:Oreochromis, Cichlidogyrus, Enterogyrus, cultiv