First Latin American clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: Latin American Group for the Study of Lupus (GLADEL, Grupo Latino Americano de Estudio del Lupus)-Pan-American League of Associations of Rheumatology (PANLAR)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex and heterogeneous autoimmune disease, represents a significant challenge for both diagnosis and treatment. Patients with SLE in Latin America face special problems that should be considered when therapeutic guidelines are developed. The objective of the study is to develop clinical practice guidelines for Latin American patients with lupus. Two independent teams (rheumatologists with experience in lupus management and methodologists) had an initial meeting in Panama City, Panama, in April 2016. They selected a list of questions for the clinical problems most commonly seen in Latin American patients with SLE. These were addressed with the best available evidence and summarised in a standardised format following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. All preliminary findings were discussed in a second face-to-face meeting in Washington, DC, in November 2016. As a result, nine organ/system sections are presented with the main findings; an 'overarching' treatment approach was added. Special emphasis was made on regional implementation issues. Best pharmacologic options were examined for musculoskeletal, mucocutaneous, kidney, cardiac, pulmonary, neuropsychiatric, haematological manifestations and the antiphospholipid syndrome. The roles of main therapeutic options (ie, glucocorticoids, antimalarials, immunosuppressant agents, therapeutic plasma exchange, belimumab, rituximab, abatacept, low-dose aspirin and anticoagulants) were summarised in each section. In all cases, benefits and harms, certainty of the evidence, values and preferences, feasibility, acceptability and equity issues were considered to produce a recommendation with special focus on ethnic and socioeconomic aspects. Guidelines for Latin American patients with lupus have been developed and could be used in similar settings.Fil: Pons Estel, Bernardo A.. Centro Regional de Enfermedades Autoinmunes y Reumáticas; ArgentinaFil: Bonfa, Eloisa. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Soriano, Enrique R.. Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Rectorado.; ArgentinaFil: Cardiel, Mario H.. Centro de Investigación Clínica de Morelia; MéxicoFil: Izcovich, Ariel. Hospital Alemán; ArgentinaFil: Popoff, Federico. Hospital Aleman; ArgentinaFil: Criniti, Juan M.. Hospital Alemán; ArgentinaFil: Vásquez, Gloria. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Massardo, Loreto. Universidad San Sebastián; ChileFil: Duarte, Margarita. Hospital de Clínicas; ParaguayFil: Barile Fabris, Leonor A.. Hospital Angeles del Pedregal; MéxicoFil: García, Mercedes A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Amigo, Mary Carmen. Centro Médico Abc; MéxicoFil: Espada, Graciela. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Catoggio, Luis J.. Hospital Italiano. Instituto Universitario. Escuela de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Sato, Emilia Inoue. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Levy, Roger A.. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; BrasilFil: Acevedo Vásquez, Eduardo M.. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; PerúFil: Chacón Díaz, Rosa. Policlínica Méndez Gimón; VenezuelaFil: Galarza Maldonado, Claudio M.. Corporación Médica Monte Sinaí; EcuadorFil: Iglesias Gamarra, Antonio J.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Molina, José Fernando. Centro Integral de Reumatología; ColombiaFil: Neira, Oscar. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Silva, Clóvis A.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Vargas Peña, Andrea. Hospital Pasteur Montevideo; UruguayFil: Gómez Puerta, José A.. Hospital Clinic Barcelona; EspañaFil: Scolnik, Marina. Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Rectorado.; ArgentinaFil: Pons Estel, Guillermo J.. Centro Regional de Enfermedades Autoinmunes y Reumáticas; Argentina. Hospital Provincial de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Ugolini Lopes, Michelle R.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Savio, Verónica. Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Rectorado.; ArgentinaFil: Drenkard, Cristina. University of Emory; Estados UnidosFil: Alvarellos, Alejandro J.. Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Ugarte Gil, Manuel F.. Universidad Cientifica del Sur; Perú. Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen; PerúFil: Babini, Alejandra. Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Rectorado.; ArgentinaFil: Cavalcanti, André. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Cardoso Linhares, Fernanda Athayde. Hospital Pasteur Montevideo; UruguayFil: Haye Salinas, Maria Jezabel. Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Fuentes Silva, Yurilis J.. Universidad de Oriente - Núcleo Bolívar; VenezuelaFil: Montandon De Oliveira E Silva, Ana Carolina. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Eraso Garnica, Ruth M.. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Herrera Uribe, Sebastián. Hospital General de Medellin Luz Castro de Gutiérrez; ColombiaFil: Gómez Martín, DIana. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Robaina Sevrini, Ricardo. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Quintana, Rosana M.. Hospital Provincial de Rosario; Argentina. Centro Regional de Enfermedades Autoinmunes y Reumáticas; ArgentinaFil: Gordon, Sergio. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr Oscar Alende. Unidad de Reumatología y Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas; ArgentinaFil: Fragoso Loyo, Hilda. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Rosario, Violeta. Hospital Docente Padre Billini; República DominicanaFil: Saurit, Verónica. Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Appenzeller, Simone. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; BrasilFil: Dos Reis Neto, Edgard Torres. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Cieza, Jorge. Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins; PerúFil: González Naranjo, Luis A.. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: González Bello, Yelitza C.. Ceibac; MéxicoFil: Collado, María Victoria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Sarano, Judith. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Retamozo, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Sattler, María E.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos "Eva Perón"; ArgentinaFil: Gamboa Cárdenas, Rocio V.. Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen; PerúFil: Cairoli, Ernesto. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Conti, Silvana M.. Hospital Provincial de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Amezcua Guerra, Luis M.. Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez; MéxicoFil: Silveira, Luis H.. Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez; MéxicoFil: Borba, Eduardo F.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Pera, Mariana A.. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Alba Moreyra, Paula B.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Arturi, Valeria. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Berbotto, Guillermo A.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos "Eva Perón"; ArgentinaFil: Gerling, Cristian. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr Oscar Alende. Unidad de Reumatología y Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas; ArgentinaFil: Gobbi, Carla Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gervasoni, Viviana L.. Hospital Provincial de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Scherbarth, Hugo R.. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr Oscar Alende. Unidad de Reumatología y Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas; ArgentinaFil: Brenol, João C. Tavares. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre; BrasilFil: Cavalcanti, Fernando. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Costallat, Lilian T. Lavras. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; BrasilFil: Da Silva, Nilzio A.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Monticielo, Odirlei A.. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre; BrasilFil: Seguro, Luciana Parente Costa. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Xavier, Ricardo M.. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre; BrasilFil: Llanos, Carolina. Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Montúfar Guardado, Rubén A.. Instituto Salvadoreño de la Seguridad Social; El SalvadorFil: Garcia De La Torre, Ignacio. Hospital General de Occidente; MéxicoFil: Pineda, Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación; MéxicoFil: Portela Hernández, Margarita. Umae Hospital de Especialidades Centro Medico Nacional Siglo Xxi; MéxicoFil: Danza, Alvaro. Hospital Pasteur Montevideo; UruguayFil: Guibert Toledano, Marlene. Medical-surgical Research Center; CubaFil: Reyes, Gil Llerena. Medical-surgical Research Center; CubaFil: Acosta Colman, Maria Isabel. Hospital de Clínicas; ParaguayFil: Aquino, Alicia M.. Hospital de Clínicas; ParaguayFil: Mora Trujillo, Claudia S.. Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins; PerúFil: Muñoz Louis, Roberto. Hospital Docente Padre Billini; República DominicanaFil: García Valladares, Ignacio. Centro de Estudios de Investigación Básica y Clínica; MéxicoFil: Orozco, María Celeste. Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica; ArgentinaFil: Burgos, Paula I.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Betancur, Graciela V.. Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica; ArgentinaFil: Alarcón, Graciela S.. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Perú. University of Alabama at Birmingahm; Estados Unido

Complement component C4 structural variation and quantitative traits contribute to sex-biased vulnerability in systemic sclerosis

Altres ajuts: Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), "A way of making Europe".Copy number (CN) polymorphisms of complement C4 play distinct roles in many conditions, including immune-mediated diseases. We investigated the association of C4 CN with systemic sclerosis (SSc) risk. Imputed total C4, C4A, C4B, and HERV-K CN were analyzed in 26,633 individuals and validated in an independent cohort. Our results showed that higher C4 CN confers protection to SSc, and deviations from CN parity of C4A and C4B augmented risk. The protection contributed per copy of C4A and C4B differed by sex. Stronger protection was afforded by C4A in men and by C4B in women. C4 CN correlated well with its gene expression and serum protein levels, and less C4 was detected for both in SSc patients. Conditioned analysis suggests that C4 genetics strongly contributes to the SSc association within the major histocompatibility complex locus and highlights classical alleles and amino acid variants of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DPB1 as C4-independent signals

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

A Systematic Review on Solar Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Disinfection: Advances over Time, Operation Trends, and Prospects

Access to drinking water is a human right recognized by the United Nations. It is estimated that more than 2.1 billion people lack access to drinking water with an adequate microbiological quality, which is associated to 80% of all diseases, as well as with millions of deaths caused by infections, especially in children. Water disinfection technologies need a continuous improvement approach to meet the growing demand caused by population growth and climate change. Heterogeneous photocatalysis with semiconductors, which is an advanced oxidation process, has been proposed as a sustainable technology for water disinfection, as it does not need addition of any chemical substance and it can make use of solar light. Nevertheless, the technology has not been deployed industrially and commercially yet, mainly because of the lack of efficient reactor designs to treat large volumes of water, as most research focus on lab-scale experimentation. Additionally, very few applications are often tested employing actual sunlight. The present work provide a perspective on the operation trends and advances of solar heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors for water disinfection by systematically analyzing pertaining literature that made actual use of sunlight, with only 60 reports found out of the initially 1044 papers detected. These reports were discussed in terms of reactor employed, photocatalyst used, microorganism type, overall disinfection efficiency, and location. General prospects for the progression of the technology are provided as well

A Systematic Review on Solar Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Disinfection: Advances over Time, Operation Trends, and Prospects

Access to drinking water is a human right recognized by the United Nations. It is estimated that more than 2.1 billion people lack access to drinking water with an adequate microbiological quality, which is associated to 80% of all diseases, as well as with millions of deaths caused by infections, especially in children. Water disinfection technologies need a continuous improvement approach to meet the growing demand caused by population growth and climate change. Heterogeneous photocatalysis with semiconductors, which is an advanced oxidation process, has been proposed as a sustainable technology for water disinfection, as it does not need addition of any chemical substance and it can make use of solar light. Nevertheless, the technology has not been deployed industrially and commercially yet, mainly because of the lack of efficient reactor designs to treat large volumes of water, as most research focus on lab-scale experimentation. Additionally, very few applications are often tested employing actual sunlight. The present work provide a perspective on the operation trends and advances of solar heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors for water disinfection by systematically analyzing pertaining literature that made actual use of sunlight, with only 60 reports found out of the initially 1044 papers detected. These reports were discussed in terms of reactor employed, photocatalyst used, microorganism type, overall disinfection efficiency, and location. General prospects for the progression of the technology are provided as well

Comparative Efficiencies for Phenol Degradation on Solar Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reactors: Flat Plate and Compound Parabolic Collector

Phenol is a recalcitrant anthropogenic compound whose presence has been reported in both wastewater and drinking water; human exposure to phenolic substances can lead to health problems. The degradation of phenol (measured as COD decrease) through solar heterogeneous photocatalysis with immobilized TiO2 was performed in two different reactors: a flat-plate reactor (FPR) and a compound parabolic collector (CPC). A 23 full factorial experimental design was followed. The variables were the presence of TiO2, H2O2 addition, and the type of reactor. Data were fitted to the pseudo-first-order reaction-rate-kinetics model. The rate constant for photocatalytic phenol degradation with 1 mM of H2O2 was 6.6 × 10−3 min−1 for the FPR and 5.9 × 10−3 min−1 in the CPC. The calculated figures of merit were analyzed with a MANCOVA, with UV fluence as a covariate. An ANCOVA showed that the type of reactor, H2O2 addition, or fluence had no statistically significant effect on the results, but there was for the presence of TiO2. According to the MANCOVA, fluence and TiO2 presence were significant (p ACO) by heterogeneous photocatalysis and 1 mM H2O2 addition

Arsenite to Arsenate Oxidation and Water Disinfection via Solar Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: A Kinetic and Statistical Approach

Arsenic (As) poses a threat to human health. In 2014, more than 200 million people faced arsenic exposure through drinking water, as estimated by the World Health Organization. Additionally, it is estimated that drinking water with proper microbiological quality is unavailable for more than 1 billion people. The present work analyzed a solar heterogeneous photocatalytic (HP) process for arsenite (AsIII) oxidation and coliform disinfection from a real groundwater matrix employing two reactors, a flat plate reactor (FPR) and a compound parabolic collector (CPC), with and without added hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The pseudo first-order reaction model fitted well to the As oxidation data. The treatments FPR–HP + H2O2 and CPC–HP + H2O2 yielded the best oxidation rates, which were over 90%. These treatments also exhibited the highest reaction rate constants, 6.7 × 10−3 min−1 and 6.8 × 10−3 min−1, respectively. The arsenic removal rates via chemical precipitation reached 98.6% and 98.7% for these treatments. Additionally, no coliforms were detected at the end of the process. The collector area per order (ACO) for HP treatments was on average 75% more efficient than photooxidation (PO) treatments. The effects of the process independent variables, H2O2 addition, and light irradiation were statistically significant for the AsIII oxidation reaction rate (p < 0.05)

Effect of dietary protein level and source on digestive proteolytic enzyme activity of juvenile Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup 1850

The effect of dietary protein level and protein source on growth and proteolytic activity of juvenile Solea senegalensis was studied. In Experiment 1, fish were fed on four experimental diets containing increased protein levels (36, 46, 56 and 67%). In Experiment 2, Senegalese soles were fed on five diets with partial substitution of fish meal by soybean meal, soybean protein concentrate, soybean protein isolate, wheat gluten meal or pea protein concentrate. Results prove that growth and proteolytic activity in the distal intestine of fish were affected by the quantitative increase in dietary protein. The origin of protein source used in the elaboration of experimental diets affected both the amount and composition of the alkaline proteases secreted into the intestinal lumen; however, it did not decrease animal growth. Juvenile Senegalese sole showed capability to modulate digestive protease secretion when the concentration and/or source of dietary protein were modified. Quantity and quality of dietary protein affected protein hydrolysis in Senegalese sole intestine. This study establishes that 30% fish meal protein can be replaced by soybean derivatives without affecting intestinal proteases. Replacement with wheat gluten meal or pea protein concentrate should be taken cautiously, but further research is needed to establish whether growth performance and digestive enzyme physiology of Senegalese sole are affected by plant protein-supplemented diets in a long-term trial.This work was supported by Projects INIA RTA-2007-00026-C02-01 and 02, and the European Regional Development Fund. Ana Rodiles Guerrero was financially supported by the grant "Technology in the Larval Rearing of New Species of Fish" (IFAPA, Andalusian Regional Government, Spain). The authors thank Jose I. Navas Triano, Sean Tibbetts, Joyce Milley, Toni Barros and Andres Monino for their technical assistance. The authors are grateful to Francisco Trujillo for the revision of the English language text. Part of experimental work was carried out at CEIA3 facilities.Rodiles, A.; Santigosa, E.; Herrera, M.; Hachero Cruzado, I.; Cordero, ML.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Lall, SP.... (2012). Effect of dietary protein level and source on digestive proteolytic enzyme activity of juvenile Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup 1850. Aquaculture International. 20(6):1053-1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-012-9508-6S10531070206Alarcón FJ, Díaz M, Moyano FJ, Abellán E (1998) Characterization and functional properties of digestive proteases in two sparids; gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and common dentex (Dentex dentex). Fish Physiol Biochem 19:257–267Alarcón FJ, García-Carreño FL, Navarrete del Toro MA (2001) Effect of plant protease inhibitors on digestive proteases in two fish species, Lutjanus argentiventris and L. novemfasciatus. 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Aquac Nutr 8:229–238Debnath D, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Yengkokapm S, Barauh K, Choudhury D, Venkateshwarlu G (2007) Digestive enzymes and metabolic profile of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed diets with different crude protein levels. Comp Biochem Physiol B 146:107–114Dias J, Rueda-Jasso R, Panserat S, Conceição LEC, Gomes EF, Dinis MT (2004) Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth, lipid deposition and metabolic hepatic enzymes in juveniles Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup). Aquac Res 35:1122–1130Dias J, Yúfera M, Valente LMP, Rema P (2010) Feed transit and apparent protein, phosphorus and energy digestibility of practical feed ingredients by Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture 302:94–99Dinis MT, Ribeiro L, Soares F, Sarasquete C (1999) A review of the cultivation potential of Solea senegalensis in Spain and in Portugal. 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Aquaculture 199:197–227Garcia-Carreño FL, Dimes LE, Haard NF (1993) Substrate gel-electrophoresis for composition and molecular-weight of proteinases of proteinaceous proteinase-inhibitors. Anal Biochem 214:65–69Gatlin DBIII, Barrows FT, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gaylord TG, Hardy RW, Herman E, Hu G, Krogdahl Nelson R, Overturf K, Rust M, Sealey W, Skonberg D, Souza EJ, Stone D, Wilson R, Wurtele E (2007) Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquac Res 38:551–579Gatta PP, Parma L, Guarniero I, Mandrioli L, Sirri R, Fontanillas R, Bonaldo A (2010). Growth, feed utilization and liver histology of juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) fed isoenergetic diets with increasing protein levels. Aquac Res 42:313–321González-Félix ML, Castillo-Yañez FJ, Ocaño-Higuera VM, Perez-Velazquez M, Cota-Moreno V, Lozano-Taylor J (2010) Effect of dietary protein source and time on alkaline proteolytic activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Physiol Biochem 36:779–785Gouveia A, Davies SJ (1998) Preliminary nutritional evaluation of pea seed meal (Pisum satium) for juvenile European Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 166:311–320Gouveia A, Davies SJ (2000) Inclusion of an extruded dehulled pea seed meal in diets for juvenile European Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 182:183–193Guillaume J, Choubert G (2001) Digestive physiology and nutrient digestibility in fishes. In: Guillaume J, Kaushik S, Bergot P, Métailler R (eds) Nutrition and feeding of fish and crustaceans. Springer, Chichester, pp 27–58Haard NF, Dimes LE, Arndt RE, Dong FM (1996) Estimation of protein digestibility. IV. Digestive proteinases from pyloric caeca of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed diets containing soybean meal. Comp Biochem Physiol B 115:533–540Hidalgo MC, Urea E, Sanz A (1999) Comparative study of digestive enzymes in fish with different nutritional habits. Proteolytic and amylase activities. Aquaculture 170:267–283Howell B, Conceiçao L, Prickett R, Cañavate P, Mañanos E (2009) Sole farming: nearly there but not quite? Aquac Eur 34:24–27Imsland AK, Foss A, Conceição LEC, Dinis MT, Delbare D, Schram E, Kamstra A, Rema P, White P (2003) A review of the culture potential of Solea solea and S. senegalensis. Rev Fish Biol Fish 13:379–407Johnson LR (2001) Gastric secretion. In: Johnson LR, Gerwin TA (eds) Gastrointestinal physiology, 6th edn. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 75–94Kohla U, Saint-Paul U, Friebe J, Wernicke D, Hilge V, Braum E (1992) Growth, digestive enzyme activities and hepatic glycogen levels in juvenile Colossoma macropomum Cuvier from South America during feeding, starvation and refeeding. Aquac Fish Man 23:189–208Krogdahl A, Lea TB, Olli JL (1994) Soybean proteinase-inhibitors affect intestinal trypsin activities and amino-acid digestibilities in rainbow-trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A 107:215–219Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during assembly of head of bacteriophage-T4. Nature 227:680–688Lopez–Lopez S, Nolasco H, Villareal-Colmenares H, Civera-Cerecedo R (2005) Digestive enzyme response to supplemental ingredients in practical diets for juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Aquac Nutr 11:79–85Mohanta KN, Mohanty SN, Jena JK, Sahu NP (2008) Protein requirement of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus fingerlings. Aquac Nutr 14:143–152Moyano FJ, Martínez I, Díaz M, Alarcón FJ (1999) Inhibition of digestive proteases by vegetable meals in three fish species; seabream (Sparus aurata), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African sole (Solea senegalensis). Comp Biochem Physiol B 122:327–332Olli JJ, Hjelmeland K, Krogdahl Á (1994) Soybean trypsin inhibitors in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.): effects on nutrient digestibilities and trypsin in pyloric caeca homogenate and intestinal content. 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