Análisis de la viabilidad económico-financiera de una idea de negocio real

En este trabajo se ha estudiado la viabilidad económico-financiera de un negocio real correspondiente a una Frutería/Verdulería. En esta, se encontrarían alimentos procedentes de excedentes de cosechas y productos que mayoristas de frutas y verduras desecharían por distintos motivos, con el objetivo de luchar contra el desperdicio alimentario y sensibilizar a la población sobre la importancia que tiene aprovechar al máximo los productos producidos.Se ha comenzado con un análisis PEST (factores políticos, económicos, socio-culturales y tecnológicos) para definir el entorno en el que se pretende abrir este negocio. Seguidamente se ha hecho un análisis más específico, estudiando el mercado y los competidores y se ha elaborado un plan de marketing en el que se detalla el precio de los productos, como se van a distribuir los mismos y como se promocionará dicho negocio para que resulte atractivo tanto para los consumidores como para los proveedores. Posteriormente, se ha procedido a hacer un análisis económico y financiero en el que se han utilizado distintas ratios para valorar el proyecto y finalmente se ha hecho una valoración del proyecto mediante distintos criterios como son el Valor Actual Neto (VAN) y la Tasa interna de rentabilidad (TIR) entre otros.<br /

La expansión metropolitana de Guadalajara en el Municipio de Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (México)

Este trabajo estudia la evolución demográfica y la expansión del área metropolitana de Guadalajara. En especial muestra la presión que ejerce la ciudad central y la primera periferia sobre los municipios adyacentes de El Salto y Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (México). A través del análisis de los municipios que integran el área metropolitana, se establecen los dos patrones de crecimiento de la metrópoli. El análisis geográfico de la dinámica de la ocupación del suelo de Tlajomulco de Zúñiga resalta el papel central de los promotores urbanos como agentes involucrados en el proceso de producción de suelo urbano.This paper looks at the demographic growth and physical expansion of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara. In particular, it shows the pressure exerted by the central city and the first periphery on the adjacent municipalities of El Salto and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (Mexcio). A review of data from the municipalities forming the metropolitan area, shows the growth of the city to have followed two distinct patterns. A geographical analysis of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga in particular explains the dynamics of land occupation in the municipality, and the role of real estate developers as key agents involved in the process of urban land development

La expansión metropolitana de Guadalajara en el Municipio de Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (México)

Este trabajo estudia la evolución demográfica y la expansión del área metropolitana de Guadalajara. En especial muestra la presión que ejerce la ciudad central y la primera periferia sobre los municipios adyacentes de El Salto y Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (México). A través del análisis de los municipios que integran el área metropolitana, se establecen los dos patrones de crecimiento de la metrópoli. El análisis geográfico de la dinámica de la ocupación del suelo de Tlajomulco de Zúñiga resalta el papel central de los promotores urbanos como agentes involucrados en el proceso de producción de suelo urbano.This paper looks at the demographic growth and physical expansion of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara. In particular, it shows the pressure exerted by the central city and the first periphery on the adjacent municipalities of El Salto and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (Mexcio). A review of data from the municipalities forming the metropolitan area, shows the growth of the city to have followed two distinct patterns. A geographical analysis of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga in particular explains the dynamics of land occupation in the municipality, and the role of real estate developers as key agents involved in the process of urban land development

Management of acute diverticulitis with pericolic free gas (ADIFAS). an international multicenter observational study

Background: There are no specific recommendations regarding the optimal management of this group of patients. The World Society of Emergency Surgery suggested a nonoperative strategy with antibiotic therapy, but this was a weak recommendation. This study aims to identify the optimal management of patients with acute diverticulitis (AD) presenting with pericolic free air with or without pericolic fluid. Methods: A multicenter, prospective, international study of patients diagnosed with AD and pericolic-free air with or without pericolic free fluid at a computed tomography (CT) scan between May 2020 and June 2021 was included. Patients were excluded if they had intra-abdominal distant free air, an abscess, generalized peritonitis, or less than a 1-year follow-up. The primary outcome was the rate of failure of nonoperative management within the index admission. Secondary outcomes included the rate of failure of nonoperative management within the first year and risk factors for failure. Results: A total of 810 patients were recruited across 69 European and South American centers; 744 patients (92%) were treated nonoperatively, and 66 (8%) underwent immediate surgery. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Hinchey II-IV on diagnostic imaging was the only independent risk factor for surgical intervention during index admission (odds ratios: 12.5, 95% CI: 2.4-64, P =0.003). Among patients treated nonoperatively, at index admission, 697 (94%) patients were discharged without any complications, 35 (4.7%) required emergency surgery, and 12 (1.6%) percutaneous drainage. Free pericolic fluid on CT scan was associated with a higher risk of failure of nonoperative management (odds ratios: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.2-19.9, P =0.023), with 88% of success compared to 96% without free fluid ( P &lt;0.001). The rate of treatment failure with nonoperative management during the first year of follow-up was 16.5%. Conclusion: Patients with AD presenting with pericolic free gas can be successfully managed nonoperatively in the vast majority of cases. Patients with both free pericolic gas and free pericolic fluid on a CT scan are at a higher risk of failing nonoperative management and require closer observation

Los retos de afrontar la sistematización de datos sobre el crecimiento urbano : el atlas de producción de suelo urbano de la ZMG; un trabajo interdisciplinario

En el transcurso de las tres últimas décadas, desde 1970 hasta 2000, la ciudad de Guadalajara y su área conurbada han experimentado una gran actividad inmobiliaria que ha dado lugar a una transformación importante en su morfología urbana. Durante esta etapa, la metrópoli tapatía ha experimentado el proceso de mayor crecimiento en toda su historia, alcanzando una gran extensión por el valle de Atemajac. Sin embargo, el proceso urbano que se ha producido en estos años se ha manifestado como precipitado, desarticulado, desequilibrado y carente de una adecuada planificación; esto es, incongruente con el desarrollo de la ciudad más importante en el occidente de México y la segunda del país. Este proceso, presidido por la especulación inmobiliaria tanto en el suelo privado como en el ejidal fue configurando la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara que hoy encontramos y que en el desarrollo del trabajo denominado ¿Atlas de Producción de Suelo urbano de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara¿ nos hemos propuesto mostrar. Nuestro objetivo se encamina a conformar una base de datos sistematizada y de fácil actualización que integre las principales variables que caracterizan los procesos de incorporación de suelo rústico a usos urbanos en los cuatro municipios que conforman el área conurbada de Guadalajara: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque y Tonalá. La introducción de las nuevas tecnologías para la captura, análisis y representación de la información en este trabajo de investigación ha resultado ser una tarea difícil debido, entre otras cosas, a la falta de un adecuado financiamiento para los trabajos de investigación, dificultad para adquirir la información debido a la centralización que ejerce el Estado sobre los municipios, y el reducido número de especialistas que manejen las tecnologías de la información geográfica de manera adecuada, tanto en las dependencias de gobierno como en las instituciones educativas.In the course of the last three decades, from 1970 to 2000, the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara in the Atemajac Valley has doubled in size. However, the growth of the city has been hurried, disarticulated, unbalanced and devoid of proper planning: which is incongruous for the development of the most important city in the West of Mexico and the second largest in the country. The haphazard growth of the city has been dominated by real estate speculation in both privately owned land and in ejido land held in trust by the people who live there. We have set out to show how the shapeless city got to be the way it is by drawing up an Atlas of Land Use in the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara, which specifies how rustic land has been brought into urban use in the four main municipalities of the city: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque and Tonalá. The Atlas is a digital data base which can be periodically updated, and the remaining four municipalities can be included in due course. The introduction of new technologies for the capture, analysis and representation of the data turned out to be a hard task for various reasons. There was a lack of suitable financing for the research, and it was difficult to obtain clear data (in one case, any data) due to the centralized influence of the Federal Government in previous years. Also the number of specialists qualified to handle geographical information systems was insufficient, whether in government offices or in educational establishments

Los retos de afrontar la sistematización de datos sobre el crecimiento urbano : el atlas de producción de suelo urbano de la ZMG; un trabajo interdisciplinario

En el transcurso de las tres últimas décadas, desde 1970 hasta 2000, la ciudad de Guadalajara y su área conurbada han experimentado una gran actividad inmobiliaria que ha dado lugar a una transformación importante en su morfología urbana. Durante esta etapa, la metrópoli tapatía ha experimentado el proceso de mayor crecimiento en toda su historia, alcanzando una gran extensión por el valle de Atemajac. Sin embargo, el proceso urbano que se ha producido en estos años se ha manifestado como precipitado, desarticulado, desequilibrado y carente de una adecuada planificación; esto es, incongruente con el desarrollo de la ciudad más importante en el occidente de México y la segunda del país. Este proceso, presidido por la especulación inmobiliaria tanto en el suelo privado como en el ejidal fue configurando la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara que hoy encontramos y que en el desarrollo del trabajo denominado ¿Atlas de Producción de Suelo urbano de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara¿ nos hemos propuesto mostrar. Nuestro objetivo se encamina a conformar una base de datos sistematizada y de fácil actualización que integre las principales variables que caracterizan los procesos de incorporación de suelo rústico a usos urbanos en los cuatro municipios que conforman el área conurbada de Guadalajara: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque y Tonalá. La introducción de las nuevas tecnologías para la captura, análisis y representación de la información en este trabajo de investigación ha resultado ser una tarea difícil debido, entre otras cosas, a la falta de un adecuado financiamiento para los trabajos de investigación, dificultad para adquirir la información debido a la centralización que ejerce el Estado sobre los municipios, y el reducido número de especialistas que manejen las tecnologías de la información geográfica de manera adecuada, tanto en las dependencias de gobierno como en las instituciones educativas.In the course of the last three decades, from 1970 to 2000, the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara in the Atemajac Valley has doubled in size. However, the growth of the city has been hurried, disarticulated, unbalanced and devoid of proper planning: which is incongruous for the development of the most important city in the West of Mexico and the second largest in the country. The haphazard growth of the city has been dominated by real estate speculation in both privately owned land and in ejido land held in trust by the people who live there. We have set out to show how the shapeless city got to be the way it is by drawing up an Atlas of Land Use in the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara, which specifies how rustic land has been brought into urban use in the four main municipalities of the city: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque and Tonalá. The Atlas is a digital data base which can be periodically updated, and the remaining four municipalities can be included in due course. The introduction of new technologies for the capture, analysis and representation of the data turned out to be a hard task for various reasons. There was a lack of suitable financing for the research, and it was difficult to obtain clear data (in one case, any data) due to the centralized influence of the Federal Government in previous years. Also the number of specialists qualified to handle geographical information systems was insufficient, whether in government offices or in educational establishments

No Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Wild Mink (Mustela lutreola and Neogale vison) from Northern Spain during the First Two Years of Pandemic

The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on wildlife is largely unevaluated, and extended surveillance of animal species is needed to reach a consensus on the role of animals in the emergence and maintenance of SARS-CoV-2. This infection has been detected in farmed and domestic animals and wild animals, mainly in captivity. The interactions or shared resources with wildlife could represent a potential transmission pathway for the SARS-CoV-2 spill over to other wild species and could lead to health consequences or the establishment of new reservoirs in susceptible hosts. This study evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in European mink (Mustela lutreola) and American mink (Neogale vison) in Spain by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike antigen in serum samples and/or by RT-qPCR assays in oropharyngeal and rectal swabs. From January 2020 to February 2022, a total of 162 animals (127 European mink and 35 American mink) with no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in the study. Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 were not found in the serum samples analysed (n = 126), nor was the virus amplified by RT-qPCR (n = 160 swabs). Our results suggest that the potential role of wild mink and the European mink bred in captivity and released to the wild as dispersers of SARS-CoV-2 is so far low. However, wildlife surveillance for early detection of human and animal risks should be continued. In this sense, epidemiological monitoring measures, including serology and molecular analysis, are necessary

No Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Wild Mink (Mustela lutreola and Neogale vison) from Northern Spain during the First Two Years of Pandemic

The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on wildlife is largely unevaluated, and extended surveillance of animal species is needed to reach a consensus on the role of animals in the emergence and maintenance of SARS-CoV-2. This infection has been detected in farmed and domestic animals and wild animals, mainly in captivity. The interactions or shared resources with wildlife could represent a potential transmission pathway for the SARS-CoV-2 spill over to other wild species and could lead to health consequences or the establishment of new reservoirs in susceptible hosts. This study evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in European mink (Mustela lutreola) and American mink (Neogale vison) in Spain by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike antigen in serum samples and/or by RT-qPCR assays in oropharyngeal and rectal swabs. From January 2020 to February 2022, a total of 162 animals (127 European mink and 35 American mink) with no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in the study. Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 were not found in the serum samples analysed (n = 126), nor was the virus amplified by RT-qPCR (n = 160 swabs). Our results suggest that the potential role of wild mink and the European mink bred in captivity and released to the wild as dispersers of SARS-CoV-2 is so far low. However, wildlife surveillance for early detection of human and animal risks should be continued. In this sense, epidemiological monitoring measures, including serology and molecular analysis, are necessary.Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía AnimalFac. de VeterinariaTRUEpu

Subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin for prevention of disease in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trialResearch in context

Summary: Background: Anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIG) can provide standardized and controlled antibody content. Data from controlled clinical trials using hIG for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outpatients have not been reported. We assessed the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin 20% (C19-IG20%) compared to placebo in preventing development of symptomatic COVID-19 in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We did a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in asymptomatic unvaccinated adults (≥18 years of age) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days between April 28 and December 27, 2021. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a blinded subcutaneous infusion of 10 mL with 1 g or 2 g of C19-IG20%, or an equivalent volume of saline as placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who remained asymptomatic through day 14 after infusion. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of individuals who required oxygen supplementation, any medically attended visit, hospitalisation, or ICU, and viral load reduction and viral clearance in nasopharyngeal swabs. Safety was assessed as the proportion of patients with adverse events. The trial was terminated early due to a lack of potential benefit in the target population in a planned interim analysis conducted in December 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT04847141. Findings: 461 individuals (mean age 39.6 years [SD 12.8]) were randomized and received the intervention within a mean of 3.1 (SD 1.27) days from a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a subcutaneous infusion, the primary outcome occurred in 59.9% (91/152) of participants receiving 1 g C19-IG20%, 64.7% (99/153) receiving 2 g, and 63.5% (99/156) receiving placebo (difference in proportions 1 g C19-IG20% vs. placebo, −3.6%; 95% CI -14.6% to 7.3%, p = 0.53; 2 g C19-IG20% vs placebo, 1.1%; −9.6% to 11.9%, p = 0.85). None of the secondary clinical efficacy endpoints or virological endpoints were significantly different between study groups. Adverse event rate was similar between groups, and no severe or life-threatening adverse events related to investigational product infusion were reported. Interpretation: Our findings suggested that administration of subcutaneous human hyperimmune immunoglobulin C19-IG20% to asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection was safe but did not prevent development of symptomatic COVID-19. Funding: Grifols