Livelihood strategies of cacao producers in Ecuador: Effects of national policies to support cacao farmers and specialty cacao landraces

This study identifies the livelihood strategies pursued by small cacao farmers in the Guayas coastal region inEcuador, where two distinct cacao varieties are grown: thefineflavor variety, Cacao Nacional (CN), and a hybridvariety (CCN-51). Enhancing CN production is regarded as an economic development strategy since CN varietybeans are characterized by premium prices in international markets. This study aims to assess the trade-offsfaced by small cacao producers in the production of specialty (CN) vs. commodity (CCN-51) cacao and how theyaffect their livelihoods. A detailed household survey sampled 188 households. Based on activity variables, fourlatent profiles of livelihood strategies were identified, which were related to capital asset endowment and in-come share variables. The results show that there was not a clear gap between cultivation of CN and CCN-51, as60% of the sampled households simultaneously grew both varieties. The results indicate that the variable“shareof land allocated to CN”does not significantly contribute to discriminating among profiles. Households with alow share of land allocated to CCN-51 showed higher income diversification strategies and vice versa. Our studyalso shows that the lack of appropriate incentives may threaten the future cultivation of CN since the Nationalpolicy for CN rehabilitation has had little impact on the more cacao-driven profiles that have a lower assetendowment. The design, structuring and maintenance of a domestic differentiated value chain for the CNvariety, together with income diversification measures and prior improvement on the asset endowment of theseprofiles, seems to be the pathway to improve the livelihoods of small farmers and increase the success of thecurrent policy forfineflavor cacao rehabilitation at the national levelinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Livelihood strategies of cacao producers in Ecuador: Effects of national policies to support cacao farmers and specialty cacao landraces

This study identifies the livelihood strategies pursued by small cacao farmers in the Guayas coastal region inEcuador, where two distinct cacao varieties are grown: thefineflavor variety, Cacao Nacional (CN), and a hybridvariety (CCN-51). Enhancing CN production is regarded as an economic development strategy since CN varietybeans are characterized by premium prices in international markets. This study aims to assess the trade-offsfaced by small cacao producers in the production of specialty (CN) vs. commodity (CCN-51) cacao and how theyaffect their livelihoods. A detailed household survey sampled 188 households. Based on activity variables, fourlatent profiles of livelihood strategies were identified, which were related to capital asset endowment and in-come share variables. The results show that there was not a clear gap between cultivation of CN and CCN-51, as60% of the sampled households simultaneously grew both varieties. The results indicate that the variable“shareof land allocated to CN”does not significantly contribute to discriminating among profiles. Households with alow share of land allocated to CCN-51 showed higher income diversification strategies and vice versa. Our studyalso shows that the lack of appropriate incentives may threaten the future cultivation of CN since the Nationalpolicy for CN rehabilitation has had little impact on the more cacao-driven profiles that have a lower assetendowment. The design, structuring and maintenance of a domestic differentiated value chain for the CNvariety, together with income diversification measures and prior improvement on the asset endowment of theseprofiles, seems to be the pathway to improve the livelihoods of small farmers and increase the success of thecurrent policy forfineflavor cacao rehabilitation at the national levelinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Free three-valued Closure Lukasiewicz Algebras

In this paper, the structure of finitely generated free objects in the variety of three-valued closure Lukasiewicz algebras is determined. We describe their indecomposable factors and we give their cardinality.Fil: Abad, Manuel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Matemática; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Varela, José Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Matemática Bahía Blanca. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Matemática. Instituto de Matemática Bahía Blanca; ArgentinaFil: Rueda, Laura Alicia. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Matemática; ArgentinaFil: Suardíaz, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Matemática; Argentin

A Bias-adjusted three-step approach for analysing the livelihood strategies and the asset mix of cocoa producers in Ecuador

This study applies the Bias-Adjusted Three-Step approach with covariate and distal outcomes for identify the livelihood strategies pursued by small cacao farmers in the Guayas coastal region in Ecuador, where two distinct cacao varieties are grown: the fine flavor variety, cacao Nacional (CN) and a hybrid variety (CCN-51). A detailed household survey sampled 188 households. Four latent profiles of livelihood strategies were identified based on activity variables; these were related to capital assets used as covariate and income share variables used as distal outcomesPostprint (published version

Social sustentability in state-produced housing: Construction of evaluation indicators through the Social Housing Project Quinta Monroy (Elemental, 2002, Iquique, Chile)

En general, la problemática del déficit habitacional que acontece a los países latinoamericanos, tiene como respuesta del Estado la construcción de vivienda de interés social. Sin embargo, en estos proyectos no siempre se consideran aspectos sociales de importancia. El objetivo de este trabajo reside en profundizar el concepto de sustentabilidad social en la vivienda de producción estatal para la construcción de criterios de evaluación de proyectos, buscando a su vez complementar los indicadores para la evaluación de la sustentabilidad desarrollados por las autoras en estudios antecedentes. Para ello se plantea la observación de las características principales de sustentabilidad social presentes en el proyecto profesional “Quinta Monroy” realizado por el estudio Elemental liderado por el arquitecto Alejandro Aravena (2002, Iquique, Chile), significativo en el contexto latinoamericano por haber obtenido resultados satisfactorios en la vida de las familias que las habitan. El procedimiento metodológico fue el estudio de fuentes bibliográficas que describen sus principales características y la experiencia de los habitantes del conjunto, así como el análisis de su documentación gráfica. Se destaca que de la observación de la experiencia post-ocupacional en casos emblemáticos de viviendas de interés social se obtienen importantes aportes para la construcción de indicadores de evaluación de la sustentabilidad, especialmente en su esfera social.In general, the state’s response to the housing shortage in Latin American countries is the construction of the so-called social housing projects. However, these projects do not always take into account important social aspects. The goal of this research is to go deeper into the concept of social sustainability in state-produced housing in order to build criteria for the evaluation of social housing projects, aiming at the same time at improving the sustainability evaluation indicators developed by the authors in previous studies. The approach to achieve these goals was the observation of the main characteristics of social sustainability found in the professional project Quinta Monroy designed by Elemental studio led by architect Alejandro Aravena (2002, Iquique, Chile), of significant interest in the Latin American context because of the satisfactory results experienced among its inhabitants. The proposed research methodology is the study of bibliographic references that analyze its main characteristics and the experience of the families who inhabit them, as well as the observation of the architecture drawings. It is emphasized that from the evaluation of the post occupancy experience in outstanding cases of social housing projects important information can be acquired for the construction of indicators for sustainability evaluation, especially in its social dimension.Fil: Tomadoni, Micaela María. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño. Instituto de Hábitat y Medio Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Varela, María José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño. Centro de Estudios de Diseño; Argentin

Evaluation of sustainability in the social housing’s project through indicators: the case of Plan dignidad in El Martillo neighborhood, Mar del Plata

En la actualidad, con el avance de los problemas ambientales, la exigencia de incorporar criterios tendientes a la sustentabilidad en los proyectos urbanos y arquitectónicos con el objetivo de disminuir el impacto en el medio ambiente es apremiante. En el caso de los conjuntos de vivienda de interés social, su masividad y la rapidez con que se llevan a cabo los vuelven casos significativos en los que contemplar la sustentabilidad. Pese a que en los últimos años, a nivel local, se ha logrado reducir en alguna medida el déficit habitacional, las viviendas producidas no han contemplado estos criterios. El presente trabajo pretende identificar las principales problemáticas de sostenibilidad de la vivienda de interés social a través del estudio de caso del conjunto habitacional barrio El Martillo, dentro de la operatoria Plan Dignidad realizado en Mar del Plata (2007), mediante la aplicación de una serie de indicadores agrupados en tres ejes de análisis definidos en estudios antecedentes: i) Implantación y Emplazamiento; ii) Funcionabilidad y Durabilidad; iii) Desempeño de la envolvente y Tecnología. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se destaca la importancia de evaluar la sustentabilidad de las viviendas sociales previo a la construcción de los proyectos, dado que de esa forma se pueden identificar las cuestiones que requieren especial atención e implementar alguna modificación al proyecto para tener un mayor rendimiento y evitar costos innecesarios a realizar para su rehabilitación una vez construidos.Nowadays, with the advance of environmental problems, the need to incorporate sustainable criteria in urban and architectural projects aiming to reduce the impact on the environment is urgent. In the case of social housing units, their massiveness and the speed in which they are carried out, make them significant cases where to apply sustainability principles. Although in the last few years several social housing initiatives have been made, they certainly have not contemplated basic sustainability principles. This paper aims to identify the main sustainability issues of social housing through the study of the case of the neighborhood El Martillo within the operation Plan Dignidad that was carried out in Mar del Plata city (2007), through the application of a series of indicators divided into three central themes for its analysis, that were defined in previous researches: i) Implantation and Location, ii) Functionality and Durability, iii) Performance of the Building Envelope and Technology. The results obtained with this work emphasized the importance to evaluate the sustainability of social housing before the construction of the projects, since by doing this it would be possible to identify the issues that require special attention and to incorporate changes into the project that will result in a better energy performance of the building, avoiding the unnecessary costs for rehabilitation once it were built.Fil: Díaz Varela, María José. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño. Centro de Estudios de Diseño; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Tomadoni, Micaela María. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; Argentin

Social housing’s sustainability in Mar del Plata: a methodology for its evaluation through indicators

En la actualidad la problemática habitacional en Argentina así comoen el resto de Latinoamérica no ha logrado revertirse. Una forma deenfrentarla ha sido la intervención Estatal para financiar o construirvivienda social. La vivienda social deviene de las necesidades de unapoblación determinada y surge como iniciativa destinada a sectores debajos recursos. Se encuadra dentro de normativas específicas paravivienda económica y de protección social.Pese a que en los últimos años se han generado distintas iniciativas eneste sentido, las viviendas producidas no han contemplado principiostendientes a la sustentabilidad. Se entiende que para la construcciónde un hábitat sustentable es necesario considerar una serie de criteriosorientados a disminuir los impactos sobre el ambiente.En este marco, el presente trabajo pretende construir una metodologíade evaluación de la sustentabilidad a nivel de proyecto arquitectónico,mediante indicadores. Se definieron 18 indicadores posibles de aplicar aviviendas de interés social unifamiliar agrupada, radicadas en la ciudadde Mar del Plata, que se agruparon en tres ejes de análisis: Implantacióny Emplazamiento, Funcionalidad y Durabilidad, Desempeño de laenvolvente y Tecnología. Se espera que los aportes realizados permitanofrecer un instrumento útil para la toma de decisiones.Nowadays, housing problems not only in Argentina but in all Latin America have not yet been solved. One way of facing this issue has been allowing the State to interfere financing or building social housing. This kind of housing is developed around determined population’s needs and comes around as an initiative focused on low income groups. It also adjusts to specific regulations made for economical and socially secured housing. Although in the last few years several social housing initiatives have been made, they certainly have not contemplated basic sustainability principles. With this is being said that in order to build a sustainable habitat it is necessary to consider several criteria aimed to diminish the environmental impact. In this context, this study’s purpose is to build a methodology to help the evaluation of the sustainability in the architecture project through indicators. Eighteen useful indicators were defined in order to be applied to grouped single-family social housing projects, located in Mar del Plata, which were divided into three central themes for its analysis: Implantation and Location, Functionality and Durability, Performance of the building envelope and Technology. It is hoped that the data discovered would be a useful instrument in the decision making process.Fil: Tomadoni, Micaela María. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Varela, María José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño. Centro de Estudios de Diseño; Argentin

Espacio público versus infraestructura de turismo: Un análisis a partir de diagramas proyectuales en la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina

Es posible considerar como una problemática latente el conflicto de la utilización de las costas urbanas durante todo el año, en especifico las dedicadas a la explotación turística, ya que la infraestructura turística esta destinada a la temporada alta, e interrumpe con el espacio público y el paisaje.El objetivo de este trabajo este trabajo es analizar el proyecto de intervención de la playa Varese en Mar del Plata, realizado por los arquitectos Zak.E. y SollaJ. en 2006, a partir de diagramas proyectuales que permitan visualizar las características principales de la intervención, para generar recomendaciones desde una perspectiva disciplinar para el programa de los proyectos arquitectónicos en las costas urbanas.It is possible to consider as a latent problem the conflict of the use of the urban coast throughout the year, especially the area dedicated to the tourist exploitation, since the tourist infrastructure is destined for the high season, and interrupts with the public space and the landscape. The objective of this work is to analyze the intervention project of the Varese beach in Mar del Plata, carried out by the architects Zak E. and Solla J. in 2006-2013. The choice of this case study is based on the position it takes regarding the bid between the public space and the tourism infrastructure, since it considers the inhabitant as the guiding axis of the proposal and is the first in the city to consider these aspects, which are of great interest. The methodology proposed for the analysis is that of project diagrams, which allow visualiziation of the main characteristics and relationships of the intervention. Due to this, it is possible to generate recommendations and project strategies from a disciplinary perspective, which are relevant to consider in the architectural program of future interventions on urban coasts.É possível considerar como uma problemática latente o conflito da utilização das costas urbanas durante o ano, especificamente as dedicadas à exploração do turismo, já que a infraestrutura turística está destinada à alta temporada e interrompe o espaço público e a paisagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o projeto de intervenção da praia Varese em Mar del Plata, realizado pelos arquitetos Zak. E. e Solla J. em 2006, a partir de diagramas projetuais que permitem visualizar as características principais da intervenção, para gerar recomendações de uma perspectiva disciplinar para o programa dos projetos arquitetônicos nas costas urbanas.Fil: Díaz Varela, María José. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño. Centro de Estudios de Diseño; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Atanasoska, Kristina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; Argentin

Espaço público versus infraestrutura de turismo: Uma análise a partir de diagramas projetuais na cidade de Mar del Plata, Argentina

It is possible to consider as a latent problem the conflict of the use of the urban coast throughout the year, especially the area dedicated to the tourist exploitation, since the tourist infrastructure is destined for the high season, and interrupts with the public space and the landscape. The objective of this work is to analyze the intervention project of the Varese beach in Mar del Plata, carried out by the architects Zak E. and Solla J. in 2006, based on project diagrams that allow the visualization of the main characteristics of the intervention, in order to generate recommendations from a disciplinary perspective for the program of architectural projects on urban coasts.    Es posible considerar como una problemática latente el conflicto de la utilización de las costas urbanas durante todo el año, en especifico las dedicadas a la explotación turística, ya que la infraestructura turística esta destinada a la temporada alta, e interrumpe con el espacio público y el paisaje. El objetivo de este trabajo este trabajo es analizar el proyecto de intervención de la playa Varese en Mar del Plata, realizado por los arquitectos Zak.E. y SollaJ. en 2006, a partir de diagramas proyectuales que permitan visualizar las características principales de la intervención, para generar recomendaciones desde una perspectiva disciplinar para el programa de los proyectos arquitectónicos en las costas urbanas.É possível considerar como uma problemática latente o conflito da utilização das costas urbanas durante o ano, especificamente as dedicadas à exploração do turismo, já que a infraestrutura turística está destinada à alta temporada e interrompe o espaço público e a paisagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o projeto de intervenção da praia Varese em Mar del Plata, realizado pelos arquitetos Zak. E. e Solla J. em 2006, a partir de diagramas projetuais que permitem visualizar as características principais da intervenção, para gerar recomendações de uma perspectiva disciplinar para o programa dos projetos arquitetônicos nas costas urbanas

Metodología para el análisis del proyecto de concursos de vivienda desde la perspectiva de los modos de habitar contemporáneos.

This paper aims to study housing architecture competitions, by articulating the theoretical frameworks of the design process and the ways to inhabit. It seeks to generate systematization tools for analyzing the housing project by applying categories for its evaluation. A qualitative method of housing analysis is used to study, survey, analyze, compare, and identify the main characteristics of the different housing prototypes. This tool allows to evaluate the different variables througha graphical synthesis and qualitative observations. The importance of understanding the competitions as a relevant study object lies in being able to analyze housing from different perspectives, including the participants and inhabitants. Contrasting  the design process and its relationship with the theoretical-social context in each case, allows us to interpret the complexity of the housing problem  and to generate answers according to the social demands.Este trabajo tiene como objeto el estudio de los concursos de arquitectura de vivienda, a partir de articular los marcos teóricos del proceso proyectual y los modos de habitar. Se busca generar herramientas de sistematización para el análisis del proyecto de vivienda mediante la aplicación de categorías para su evaluación. Se recurre a un método cualitativo de análisis de la vivienda a partir de estudiar, relevar, analizar, comparar e identificar las características principales de los diferentes prototipos de vivienda realizados. Esta herramienta posibilita valorar las distintas variables a través de una síntesis gráfica y observaciones cualitativas. La importancia de entender a los concursos como un objeto de estudio relevante, radica en poder analizar la vivienda desde diferentes perspectivas, que incluyen a los participantes y habitantes de las mismas. Contrastar el proceso proyectual y su relación con el contexto teórico-social en cada caso, permite interpretar la complejidad de la problemática habitacional y generar respuestas acordes a las demandas sociales