Presumed incompetent: Perceived lack of fit and gender bias in recruitment and selection

Despite women’s advancement in the workplace, their representation in male-dominated fields and occupations remains distressingly low. Women now comprise about half of the workforce, but very few end up at the top levels of business organizations. In 2013, women held only 16.9 per cent of corporate board seats in the USA, and only 4.6 per cent of executive directors were women (Catalyst, 2014). Percentages are similar in the UK: 15 per cent of board directors were women, and they comprised less than 7 per cent of the executive positions in British companies (Catalyst, 2012). What accounts for the scarcity of women in traditionally male roles? It is not a consequence of differential experience, education or skills. The overall percentage of undergraduate and graduate degrees (both Master’s and doctoral) obtained by women in the USA and the UK now exceeds that of men (National Center for Education Statistics, 2010; Higher Education Statistics Agency, 2012). Moreover, in terms of cognitive skills and abilities, women and men tend to be more similar than different (Biernat and Deaux, 2012)

A Large Cross-Sectional Community-Based Study of Newborn Care Practices in Southern Tanzania

Despite recent improvements in child survival in sub-Saharan Africa, neonatal mortality rates remain largely unchanged. This study aimed to determine the frequency of delivery and newborn-care practices in southern Tanzania, where neonatal mortality is higher than the national average. All households in five districts of Southern Tanzania were approached to participate. Of 213,220 female residents aged 13-49 years, 92% participated. Cross-sectional, retrospective data on childbirth and newborn care practices were collected from 22,243 female respondents who had delivered a live baby in the preceding year. Health facility deliveries accounted for 41% of births, with nearly all non-facility deliveries occurring at home (57% of deliveries). Skilled attendants assisted 40% of births. Over half of women reported drying the baby and over a third reported wrapping the baby within 5 minutes of delivery. The majority of mothers delivering at home reported that they had made preparations for delivery, including buying soap (84%) and preparing a cloth for drying the child (85%). Although 95% of these women reported that the cord was cut with a clean razor blade, only half reported that it was tied with a clean thread. Furthermore, out of all respondents 10% reported that their baby was dipped in cold water immediately after delivery, around two-thirds reported bathing their babies within 6 hours of delivery, and 28% reported putting something on the cord to help it dry. Skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby after delivery was rarely practiced. Although 83% of women breastfed within 24 hours of delivery, only 18% did so within an hour. Fewer than half of women exclusively breastfed in the three days after delivery. The findings suggest a need to promote and facilitate health facility deliveries, hygienic delivery practices for home births, delayed bathing and immediate and exclusive breastfeeding in Southern Tanzania to improve newborn health

Nevirapine- and efavirenz-associated hepatotoxicity under programmatic conditions in Kenya and Mozambique.

To describe the frequency, risk factors, and clinical signs and symptoms associated with hepatotoxicity (HT) in patients on nevirapine- or efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy (ART), we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of patients attending the ART clinic in Kibera, Kenya, from April 2003 to December 2006 and in Mavalane, Mozambique, from December 2002 to March 2007. Data were collected on 5832 HIV-positive individuals who had initiated nevirapine- or efavirenz-based ART. Median baseline CD4+ count was 125 cells/μL (interquartile range [IQR] 55-196). Over a median follow-up time of 426 (IQR 147-693) days, 124 (2.4%) patients developed HT. Forty-one (54.7%) of 75 patients with grade 3 HT compared with 21 (80.8%) of 26 with grade 4 had associated clinical signs or symptoms (P = 0.018). Four (5.7%) of 124 patients with HT died in the first six months compared with 271 (5.3%) of 5159 patients who did not develop HT (P = 0.315). The proportion of patients developing HT was low and HT was not associated with increased mortality. Clinical signs and symptoms identified 50% of grade 3 HT and most cases of grade 4 HT. This suggests that in settings where alanine aminotransferase measurement is not feasible, nevirapine- and efavirenz-based ART may be given safely without laboratory monitoring

The circle of Gánovce. Natural history of an endocast

The natural endocranial cast of Gánovce was found in Slovakia in 1926, and then stored in the National Museum (Národní Muzeum) of Prague. The endocast was extensively studied by Emanuel Vlček (1925-2006), mostly during the 50s and 60s of the past century (e.g., Vlček, 1949, 1953, 1955, 1969), with a large set of analytical tools including radiographic and biochemical sur- veys, and outline shape analysis. He recognized the Neanderthal morphology of the cast, which was dated to 105 ka and which has an estimated volume of 1320cc. In particular, Vlček noticed a similarity with specimens such as Krapina 3, Gibraltar 1 and Saccopastore 1. In fact, these three specimens all display a similar overall cra- nial anatomy, being possibly representatives of an “early and small-brained” Neanderthal morpho- type (Bruner & Manzi, 2006, 2008)

Large K-exciton dynamics in GaN epilayers: the non-thermal and thermal regime

We present a detailed investigation concerning the exciton dynamics in GaN epilayers grown on c-plane sapphire substrates, focussing on the exciton formation and the transition from the nonthermal to the thermal regime. The time-resolved kinetics of LO-phonon replicas is used to address the energy relaxation in the excitonic band. From ps time-resolved spectra we bring evidence for a long lasting non-thermal excitonic distribution which accounts for the rst 50 ps. Such a behavior is con rmed in di erent experimental conditions, both when non-resonant and resonant excitation are used. At low excitation power density the exciton formation and their subsequent thermalization is dominated by impurity scattering rather than by acoustic phonon scattering. The estimate of the average energy of the excitons as a function of delay after the excitation pulse provides information on the relaxation time, which describes the evolution of the exciton population to the thermal regime.Comment: 9 pages,8 figure

WHO Clinical Staging of HIV Infection and Disease, Tuberculosis and Eligibility for Antiretroviral Treatment: Relationship to CD4 Lymphocyte Counts.

SETTING: Thyolo district, Malawi. OBJECTIVES: To determine in HIV-positive individuals aged over 13 years CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients classified as WHO Clinical Stage III and IV and patients with active and previous tuberculosis (TB). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: CD4 lymphocyte counts were determined in all consecutive HIV-positive individuals presenting to the antiretroviral clinic in WHO Stage III and IV. RESULTS: A CD4 lymphocyte count of < or = 350 cells/microl was found in 413 (90%) of 457 individuals in WHO Stage III and IV, 96% of 77 individuals with active TB, 92% of 65 individuals with a history of pulmonary TB (PTB) in the last year, 91% of 89 individuals with a previous history of PTB beyond 1 year, 81% of 32 individuals with a previous history of extra-pulmonary TB, 93% of 107 individuals with active or past TB with another HIV-related disease and 89% of 158 individuals with active or past TB without another HIV-related disease. CONCLUSIONS: In our setting, nine of 10 HIV-positive individuals presenting in WHO Stage III and IV and with active or previous TB have CD4 counts of < or = 350 cells/microl. It would thus be reasonable, in this or similar settings where CD4 counts are unavailable for clinical management, for all such patients to be considered eligible for antiretroviral therapy

Pandemic Data Quality Modelling: A Bayesian Approach = Modellazione della qualit`a dei dati pandemici: un approccio bayesiano

When dealing with pandemics like COVID-19, it is crucial for policymakers to constantly monitor the emergency. Correct data reporting is a hard task during pandemics, and errors affect the overall mortality, resulting in excess deaths in official statistics. In this work, we provide tools for evaluating the quality of pandemic mortality data. We accomplish this through a spatio-temporal Bayesian approach accounting for the bias implicitly contained in the data

L\u2019offerta del settore ICT in Friuli Venezia Giulia e analisi dei fabbisogni . 2, L'occupazione e il fabbisogno di figure professionali ICT nella Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia

In questo volume sono raccolti i risultati delle analisi svolte da AITech- Assinform con l\u2019Universit\ue0 degli studi di Milano Bicocca nell\u2019ambito della ricerca su \u201cL\u2019offerta del settore ICT in Friuli Venezia Giulia e analisi dei fabbisogni\u201d: La ricerca \ue8 stata realizzata nel 2006 su commissione del Polo formativo di istruzione e formazione tecnico superiore ICT\u2013Information Comunication Technology del Friuli Venezia Giuli

Bootstrap methods for capture-recapture sampling

Lo scopo del presente lavoro \ue8 quello di estendere al caso del campionamento per cattura-ricattura il metodo bootstrap per la stima della varianza di stimatori costruiti su campioni da popolazioni finite. Nel campionamento da popolazioni di animali, non \ue8 raro il caso in cui alcuni animali, gi\ue0 catturati una volta, mostrino una accresciuta familiarit\ue0 nei confronti del contatto umano, mentre altri tendano a nascondersi. In questi casi, le probabilit\ue0 di inclusione possono risultare modificate. In questo lavoro si presentano due applicazioni dell\u2019algoritmo bootstrap per il campionamento PS \u3c0 proposto da Mecatti (2000) adattate al caso del campionamento per cattura-ricattura. La prima riguarda la stima della varianza dell\u2019usuale stimatore di Petersen della numerosit\ue0 della popolazione. La seconda utilizza la stessa stima come numerosit\ue0 delle popolazioni empiriche bootstrap su cui si basa l\u2019algoritmo di Mecatti. Il lavoro si conclude con due simulazioni su dati real

Bootstrap methods for capture-recapture sampling

Lo scopo del presente lavoro \ue8 quello di estendere al caso del campionamento per cattura-ricattura il metodo bootstrap per la stima della varianza di stimatori costruiti su campioni da popolazioni finite. Nel campionamento da popolazioni di animali, non \ue8 raro il caso in cui alcuni animali, gi\ue0 catturati una volta, mostrino una accresciuta familiarit\ue0 nei confronti del contatto umano, mentre altri tendano a nascondersi. In questi casi, le probabilit\ue0 di inclusione possono risultare modificate. In questo lavoro si presentano due applicazioni dell\u2019algoritmo bootstrap per il campionamento PS \u3c0 proposto da Mecatti (2000) adattate al caso del campionamento per cattura-ricattura. La prima riguarda la stima della varianza dell\u2019usuale stimatore di Petersen della numerosit\ue0 della popolazione. La seconda utilizza la stessa stima come numerosit\ue0 delle popolazioni empiriche bootstrap su cui si basa l\u2019algoritmo di Mecatti. Il lavoro si conclude con due simulazioni su dati real