111 research outputs found
The effect of early automation on the wage distribution with endogenous occupational choices
While the literature demonstrated that automation reduces employment in routine jobs (job polarization), its impact on wages is still unclear and the debate open. By applying Counterfactual Quantile Regressions to historical data, this paper analyzes the channels through which automation affected wage inequality in the U.S. labor market during the 1990s. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that the observed decline in wage inequality among low earners was not due to lower prices paid for technology-substitute occupational tasks, but instead due to more homogeneous wages of workers performing these tasks. This evidence is consistent with a model of directed (routine-biased) technical change in which skill-heterogeneous workers face endogenous occupational choices and learning costs in connection with operating new technology. In this model, directed technical change reduces wage inequality among low earners by shrinking the skill distribution of routine workers, thus making their wages more homogenous as observed in data.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBUA. This study was funded by grant PID2019-107161GB-C31 (Ministerio de Ciencias e Innovación, Gobierno de España) and grant ECO2013-43526-R (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España)
Labor demand and information technologies: evidence for Spain, 1980-2005
Utilizando la base de datos EU KLEMS, se contrasta la hipótesis de complementariedad entre habilidad y capital en los distintos sectores productivos en España en el periodo 1980-2005. Se analizan tres tipos de trabajadores clasificados según su nivel de habilidad sea alto, medio o bajo. Los activos de capital se van a clasificar entre activos TIC (tecnologías de la información y la comunicación) y activos no-TIC. La adquisición y el uso de activos TIC son costosos pero ha ido disminuyendo en el periodo en consideración en términos relativos a otros activos y al factor trabajo. El principal resultado que se obtiene es que existe un grado de sustituibilidad entre los trabajadores y los activos TIC a medida que la habilidad del trabajador va aumentando. De hecho, los activos TIC son muy complementarios con los trabajadores de alta habilidad. A lo largo del periodo analizado, la fracción de trabajadores con habilidad media y alta ha crecido un 21% y un 12%, respectivamente, en detrimento de los trabajadores de baja habilidad. Después de descomponer estos cambios, se descubre que existe un ajuste dentro de los sectores más que un ajuste del trabajo entre sectores.capital-skill complementarity, ICT, translog cost function, elasticity of substitution.
Labor Demand and Information Technologies: Evidence for Spain, 1980-2005
Using the EU KLEMS dataset we test the capital-skill complementarity hypothesis in a cross-section of sectors in Spain between 1980 and 2005. We analyze three groups of workers, who are classed according to skill level: high, medium and low. Capital assets have been broken down into ICT (information and communication technologies) assets and non-ICT assets. Acquisition and usage costs of ICT assets declined throughout the period studied, both in absolute terms and relative to the other capital assets and workers. Our principal finding is that the substitutibility between workers and ICT assets falls as worker skill level rises. In fact, the ICT assets were strongly complement with highly skilled workers and were not substitutive with them. Throughout the period analyzed, the fraction of employed medium- and high-skill workers rose by 21% and 12%, respectively, to the disadvantage of low-skill workers. After decomposing these changes, we found that the latter were dominated by an ajustment within sectors more than by a composition effect or adjustment between sectors. These adjustments may be explained by reference to the estimated elasticities of substitution.capital-skill complementarity, ICT, translog cost function, elasticity of substitution.
Resultados a largo plazo de intervención de Magnuson-Stack modificada para la luxación anterior recidivante de hombro
Los autores han realizado una revisión largo plazo versus corto plazo
con 29 pacientes tratados mediante la técnica de Magnuson-Stack por luxación
anterior recidivante de hombro. Se encontró un empobrecimiento de
los resultados globales, observándose empeoramiento de la estabilidad
(pasan del 90.47% de resultados excelentes al 58.62%, así como del 9.52 de
resultados malos al 31.03%), aumento del arco de movilidad (movilidad
excelente del 57.14 al 82.75%), permaneciendo la función prácticamente
inalterada.Twenty-nine patients with recurrent shoulder dislocation trailed
surgicaly by modified Magnuson-Stack procedure are colected.
The authors made a long-term versus short-term review of
results. They have found a worsening of results in the total longterm
review. They observe a worsening of the stability (90.47%
excellent results in short-term but 58.62% in long-term) (9.52% bad
results in short-term but 31.03% in long-term). There are an increase
of range mobility (57.14% excellent in short-term versus 82.75%
in long-term). The function remain unchanged
Valor de la morfina liofilizada en la revascularización miocárdica
Introduction: epidural analgesia is a mainstay in cardiac surgery. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the use of lyophilized morphine and epidural bupivacaine in postoperative analgesia of myocardial revascularization. Method: A comparative and prospective study was conducted in 160 patients. They were divided into two groups: group M received epidural analgesia with morphine (2 mg) associated with 100 mg of bupivacaine, and group B bupivacaine only. Results: there was a prevalence of males. The ages and the average weights of both groups were similar (p>0.05). In group M, 90% of patients had excellent analgesia eight hours after the intervention, and it was good to excellent after 12 and 24 hours. On the other hand, 50% of patients in group B talked of an average analgesia eight hours after the operation –which extended to 80% of patients after 12 hours– and, after 24 hours, all the patients in group B complained of an inadequate or poor analgesia (p0.05); el 90% de los enfermos del grupo M tenían una analgesia excelente ocho horas después de la intervención y entre buena y excelente a las 12 y 24 horas, mientras que el 50% de los pacientes del grupo B referían una analgesia regular a las ocho horas de operados -lo que se extendió al 80% de los enfermos a las 12 horas- y, a las 24 horas, la totalidad de los enfermos del grupo B se aquejaban de una analgesia insuficiente o mala (p<0.05); el promedio de analgesia postoperatoria obtenida del grupo M fue de 29,41 horas y del grupo B de 9,76 horas (p<0.01) y los principales efectos adversos fueron la hipotensión arterial y la bradicardia. Conclusiones: la morfina demostró su utilidad como agente analgésico en la operación de las arterias coronarias. Los pacientes con bupivacaína y morfina epidural tuvieron mejor analgesia con tiempos más prolongados que los tratados con bupivacaína
Deliverable D2:Consolidation of needs of the european wasten management agencies and the regulator of the consortium: Work Package 1, Site-specific and palaeo environmental data. Modelling sequential biosphere systems under climate change for radioactive waste disposal. (BIOCLIM)
The nature of long-lived radioactive wastes is that
they present a radiological hazard over a period
of time that is extremely long compared with the
timescale over which the engineered protection
systems and institutional management of a disposal, or
long-term storage, facility can be guaranteed. Safety
assessments for potential deep repositories need
to be able to provide indicators of safety performance
over time periods of hundreds of thousands of years.
On such timescales, it is generally assumed that
radionuclides may be slowly released from the
containment system, migrating via geosphere pathways
until they reach the accessible environment. Hence,
there is a need to study the evolution of the
environment external to the disposal system and the
ways in which this might impact on its long-term
radiological safety performance, for example in terms
of influences on the migration and accumulation of
radionuclides
Deliverable D3: Global climatic features over the next million years and recommendation for specific situations to be considered. Work Package 2, Simulation of the future evolution of the biosphere system using the hierarchical strategy. Modelling Sequential Biosphere Systems under Climate Change for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BIOCLIM)
The BIOCLIM project aims at assessing the
possible long-term impacts of climate change
on the safety of waste repositories in deep
formations using climate simulations of the long-term
climate in various European areas. One of the
objectives of the project is to develop two strategies for
representing sequential climatic changes to the
geosphere-biosphere system for different sites over
Europe, addressing the time scale of one million years.
The results of this work will be interpreted in terms of
global or regional changes of climate and of vegetation.
The first strategy (hierarchical strategy) will use the full
hierarchy of existing climate models (a climate model is
a numerical simplified representation of the climate
system behaviour and evolution). Simple models (LLN
2-D NH and threshold models; see the description here
after) will simulate the overall long-term evolution of the
global climate. Their results will then be used as inputs
to more complex models (LMD climate models possibly
coupled with vegetation models, either SECHIBA or
ORCHIDE) and finally climate and vegetation cover will
be determined for specific sites at specific times. A
second strategy (integrated strategy) will consist in
building an integrated climate model, which represents
most of the physical mechanisms for studying long-term
climatic variations. The results will then be interpreted
on a regional scale. This deliverable is the first step of
the hierarchical strategy. The purpose of this deliverable
is to identify and justify some specific climatic
situations amongst different long-term simulations that
are of interest for assessing the safety of radioactive
waste repository sites and that will be further studied
with GCMs (General Circulation Model)
Deliverable D4/5: Global climatic characteristics, including vegetation and seasonal cycles over Europe, for snapshots over the next 200,000 years. Work Package 2, Simulation of the future evolution of the biosphere system using the hierarchical strategy. Modelling Sequential Biosphere Systems under Climate Change for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BIOCLIM)
The aim of the BIOCLIM project is to develop and
present techniques that can be used to develop
self-consistent patterns of possible future
climate changes over the next million years (climate
scenarios), and to demonstrate how these climate
scenarios can be used in assessments of the long-term
safety of nuclear waste repository sites.
Within the project, two strategies are implemented to
predict climate change. The first is the hierarchical
strategy, in which a hierarchy of climate models is used
to investigate the evolution of climate over the period of
interest. These models vary from very simple 2-D and
threshold models, which simulate interactions between
only a few aspects of the earth system, through general
circulation models (GCMs) and vegetation models,
which simulate in great detail the dynamics and physics
of the atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere, to regional
models, which focus in particular on the European
region and the specific areas of interest. The second
strategy is the integrated strategy, in which
intermediate complexity climate models are developed,
and used to consecutively simulate the development of
the earth system over many millennia. Although these
models are relatively simple compared to a GCM, they
are more advanced than 2D models, and do include
physical descriptions of the biosphere, cryosphere,
atmosphere and ocean.
This deliverable, D4/5, focuses on the hierarchical
strategy, and in particular the GCM and vegetation
model simulation of possible future climates.
Deliverable D3 documented the first step in this
strategy. The Louvain-la-Neuve 2-D climate model
(LLN-2D) was used to estimate (among other variables)
annual mean temperatures and ice volume in the
Northern Hemisphere over the next 1 million years.
It was driven by the calculated evolution of orbital
parameters, and plausible scenarios of CO2
concentration. From the results, 3 future time periods
within the next 200,000 years were identified as being
extreme, that is either significantly warmer or cooler
than the present. The next stage in the hierarchical
strategy was to use a GCM and biosphere model, to
simulate in more detail these extreme time periods
Deliverable D6a: Regional climatic characteristics for the European sites at specific times: the dynamical downscaling. Work Package 2, Simulation of the future evolution of the biosphere system using the hierarchical strategy. Modelling Sequential Biosphere Systems under Climate Change for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BIOCLIM)
The overall aim of BIOCLIM is to assess the
possible long-term impacts due to climate
change on the safety of radioactive waste
repositories in deep formations. This aim is addressed
through the following specific objectives:
• Development of practical and innovative strategies for
representing sequential climatic changes to the
geosphere-biosphere system for existing sites over
central Europe, addressing the timescale of one
million years, which is relevant to the geological
disposal of radioactive waste.
• Exploration and evaluation of the potential effects of
climate change on the nature of the biosphere
systems used to assess the environmental impact.
• Dissemination of information on the new
methodologies and the results obtained from the
project among the international waste management
community for use in performance assessments of
potential or planned radioactive waste repositories.
The BIOCLIM project is designed to advance the
state-of-the-art of biosphere modelling for use in
Performance Assessments. Therefore, two strategies
are developed for representing sequential climatic
changes to geosphere-biosphere systems. The
hierarchical strategy successively uses a hierarchy of
climate models. These models vary from simple 2-D
models, which simulate interactions between a few
aspects of the Earth system at a rough surface
resolution, through General Circulation Model (GCM)
and vegetation model, which simulate in great detail the
dynamics and physics of the atmosphere, ocean and
biosphere, to regional models, which focus on the
European regions and sites of interest. Moreover,
rule-based and statistical downscaling procedures are
also considered. Comparisons are provided in terms of
climate and vegetation cover at the selected times and
for the study regions. The integrated strategy consists
of using integrated climate models, representing all
the physical mechanisms important for long-term
continuous climate variations, to simulate the climate
evolution over many millennia. These results are then
interpreted in terms of regional climatic changes using
rule-based and statistical downscaling approaches.
This deliverable, D6a, focuses on the hierarchical
strategy, and in particular the MAR simulations.
According to the hierarchical strategy developed in
the BIOCLIM project to predict future climate, six
BIOCLIM experiments were run with the MAR model. In
addition to these experiments a baseline experiment,
presenting the present-day climate simulated by MAR,
was also undertaken. In the first step of the hierarchical
strategy the LLN 2-D NH climate model simulated
the gross features of the climate of the next 1 Myr
[Ref.1]. Six snapshot experiments were selected from
these results. In a second step a GCM and a biosphere
model were used to simulate in more detail the climate
of the selected time periods. These simulations were
performed on a global scale [Ref.1]. The third step of
the procedure is to derive the regional features of the
climate at the same time periods. Therefore the results
of the GCM are used as boundary conditions to force
the regional climate model (MAR) for the six selected
periods and the baseline simulation. The control
simulation (baseline) corresponds to the regional
climate simulated under present-day conditions, both
insolation forcing and atmospheric CO2 concentration.
All the BIOCLIM simulations are compared to that
baseline simulation. In addition, other comparisons will
also be presented. Tableau 1 summarises the
characteristics of these BIOCLIM experiments already
presented in [Ref.1] and [Ref.2]
Deliverable D8a: Development of the rule-based downscaling methodology for BIOCLIM Workpackage 3. Work Package 3, Simulation of the future evolution of the biosphere system using the hierarchical strategy. Modelling Sequential Biosphere Systems under Climate Change for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BIOCLIM)
One of the tasks of BIOCLIM WP3 was to develop
a rule-based approach for downscaling from the
MoBidiC model of intermediate complexity (see
Ref.1) in order to provide consistent estimates of
monthly temperature and precipitation for the specific
regions of interest to BIOCLIM (Central Spain, Central
England and Northeast France, together with Germany
and the Czech Republic). Such an approach has been
developed and used in a previous study funded by Nirex
to downscale output from an earlier version of this
climate model covering the Northern Hemisphere only,
LLN 2-D NH, to Central England, and evaluated using
palaeoclimate proxy data and General Circulation
Model (GCM) output for this region. This previous study
[Ref.2] provides the starting point for the BIOCLIM
work.
A statistical downscaling methodology has been
developed by Philippe Marbaix of CEA/LSCE for use
with the second climate model of intermediate
complexity used in BIOCLIM – CLIMBER-GREMLINS
(see Ref.1). This statistical methodology is described
in Deliverable D8b [Ref.3]. Inter-comparisons of all the
downscaling methodologies used in BIOCLIM (including
the dynamical methods applied in WP2 – see Ref.4 and
Ref.5) are discussed in Deliverable D10-12 [Ref.6].
The rule-based methodology assigns climate states or
classes to a point on the time continuum of a region
according to a combination of simple threshold
values which can be determined from the coarse
scale climate model. Once climate states or classes
have been defined, monthly temperature and
precipitation climatologies are constructed using
analogue stations identified from a data base of
present-day climate observations. The most appropriate
climate classification for BIOCLIM purposes is the
Køppen/Trewartha scheme (Ref.7 ; see Appendix 1).
This scheme has the advantage of being empirical, but
only requires monthly averages of temperature and
precipitation as input variables
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