25 research outputs found
Multichannel read-out for arrays of metallic magnetic calorimeters
Metallic magnetic micro-calorimeters (MMCs) operated at millikelvin
temperature offer the possibility to achieve eV-scale energy resolution with
high stopping power for X-rays and massive particles in an energy range up to
several tens of keV. This motivates their use in a wide range of applications
in fields as particle physics, atomic and molecular physics. Present detector
systems consist of MMC arrays read out by 32 two-stage SQUID read-out channels.
In contrast to the design of the detector array and consequently the design of
the front-end SQUIDs, which need to be optimised for the physics case and the
particles to be detected in a given experiment, the read-out chain can be
standardised. We present our new standardised 32-channel parallel read-out for
the operation of MMC arrays to be operated in a dilution refrigerator. The
read-out system consists of a detector module, whose design depends on the
particular application, an amplifier module, ribbon cables from room
temperature to the millikelvin platform and a data acquisition system. In
particular, we describe the realisation of the read-out system prepared for the
ECHo-1k experiment for the operation of two 64-pixel arrays. The same read-out
concept is also used for the maXs detector systems, developed for the study of
the de-excitation of highly charged heavy ions by X-rays, as well as for the
MOCCA system, developed for the energy and position sensitive detection of
neutral molecular fragments for the study of fragmentation when molecular ions
recombine with electrons. The choice of standard modular components for the
operation of 32-channel MMC arrays offer the flexibility to upgrade detector
modules without the need of any changes in the read-out system and the
possibility to individually exchange parts in case of damages or failures
High-resolution and low-background Ho spectrum: interpretation of the resonance tails
The determination of the effective electron neutrino mass via kinematic analysis of beta and electron capture spectra is considered to be model-independent since it relies on energy and momentum conservation. At the same time the precise description of the expected spectrum goes beyond the simple phase space term. In particular for electron capture processes, many-body electron-electron interactions lead to additional structures besides the main resonances in calorimetrically measured spectra. A precise description of the Ho spectrum is fundamental for understanding the impact of low intensity structures at the endpoint region where a finite neutrino mass affects the shape most strongly. We present a low-background and high-energy resolution measurement of the Ho spectrum obtained in the framework of the ECHo experiment. We study the line shape of the main resonances and multiplets with intensities spanning three orders of magnitude. We discuss the need to introduce an asymmetric line shape contribution due to AugerâMeitner decay of states above the auto-ionisation threshold. With this we determine an enhancement of count rate at the endpoint region of about a factor of 2, which in turn leads to an equal reduction in the required exposure of the experiment to achieve a given sensitivity on the effective electron neutrino mass
The electron capture in Ho experiment â ECHo
Neutrinos, and in particular their tiny but non-vanishing masses, can be considered one of the doors towards physics beyond the Standard Model. Precision measurements of the kinematics of weak interactions, in particular of the H ÎČ-decay and the Ho electron capture (EC), represent the only model independent approach to determine the absolute scale of neutrino masses. The electron capture in Ho experiment, ECHo, is designed to reach sub-eV sensitivity on the electron neutrino mass by means of the analysis of the calorimetrically measured electron capture spectrum of the nuclide Ho. The maximum energy available for this decay, about 2.8âkeV, constrains the type of detectors that can be used. Arrays of low temperature metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) are being developed to measure the Ho EC spectrum with energy resolution below 3âeV FWHM and with a time resolution below 1âÎŒs. To achieve the sub-eV sensitivity on the electron neutrino mass, together with the detector optimization, the availability of large ultra-pure Ho samples, the identification and suppression of background sources as well as the precise parametrization of the Ho EC spectrum are of utmost importance. The high-energy resolution Ho spectra measured with the first MMC prototypes with ion-implanted Ho set the basis for the ECHo experiment. We describe the conceptual design of ECHo and motivate the strategies we have adopted to carry on the present medium scale experiment, ECHo-1K. In this experiment, the use of 1âkBq Ho will allow to reach a neutrino mass sensitivity below 10âeV/c. We then discuss how the results being achieved in ECHo-1k will guide the design of the next stage of the ECHo experiment, ECHo-1M, where a source of the order of 1âMBq Ho embedded in large MMCs arrays will allow to reach sub-eV sensitivity on the electron neutrino mass
Progress in the development of a KITWPA for the DARTWARS project
DARTWARS (Detector Array Readout with Traveling Wave AmplifieRS) is a three
years project that aims to develop high-performing innovative Traveling Wave
Parametric Amplifiers (TWPAs) for low temperature detectors and qubit readout
(C-band). The practical development follows two different promising approaches,
one based on the Josephson junctions (TWJPA) and the other one based on the
kinetic inductance of a high-resistivity superconductor (KITWPA). This paper
presents the advancements made by the DARTWARS collaboration to produce a first
working prototype of a KITWPA.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures. Proceeding of Pisa15th Meeting conferenc
Study of muon-induced background in MMC detector arrays for the ECHo experiment
For above ground particle physics experiments, cosmic muons are common source of background, not only for direct detector hits, but also for secondary radiation created in neighboring materials. The ECHo experiment has been designed for the determination of the effective electron neutrino mass by the analysis of the endpoint region of the electron capture spectrum. The fraction of events occurring in the region of interest of 10Â eV below the value of about 2.8Â keV is only of the order of . This means that the background in that region need to be studied, characterized and methods to suppress it need to be developed. We expect a major background contribution to be due to cosmic muons and radiation produced by muons traveling through material around the detectors. To determine the muon-related background in metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) used in the ECHo experiment, we have performed an experiment in which a muon veto was installed around the cryostat used for the operation of the detectors. We analysed the acquired events to investigate the pulse shape of MMC events in coincidence with the muon veto and the rate of multiple coincidences among detector array pixels. With different methods used for identification of muon related events, we studied events generated by muons and secondary radiation depositing energy in the substrate close to the ECHo pixels. In addition, energy depositions of muons and secondary radiation in the detectors was studied via Monte Carlo simulation. At the present status of investigation, we conclude that muon related events will be a negligible background in the region of interest of the spectrum
Study of naturally occurring radionuclides in the ECHo set-up
The determination of the effective electron neutrino mass by analyzing the end point region of the Ho electron capture (EC) spectrum relies on the precise description of the expected Ho events and background events. In the ECHo experiment, arrays of metallic magnetic calorimeters, implanted with Ho, are operated to measure the Ho EC spectrum. In an energy range of 10 eV below , the maximum available energy for the EC decay of about 2.8 keV, a Ho event rate of the order of  day pixel is expected for an activity of 1 Bq of Ho per pixel. This means, a control of the background level in the order of  day pixel is extremely important. We discuss the results of a Monte Carlo study based on simulations, which use the GEANT4 framework to understand the impact of natural radioactive isotopes close to the active detector volume in the case of the ECHo-1k set-up, which is used for the first phase of the ECHo experiment. For this, the ECHo-1k set-up was modeled in GEANT4 using the proper geometry and materials, including the information of screening measurements of some materials used in the ECHo-1k set-up and reasonable assumptions. Based on the simulation and on assumptions, we derive the expected background around and give upper limits of tolerable concentrations of natural radionuclides in the set-up materials. In addition, we compare our results to background spectra acquired in detector pixels with and without implanted Ho. We conclude that typical concentration of radioactive nuclides found in the used materials should not endanger the analysis of the endpoint region of the Ho EC spectrum for an exposure time of half a year
Metallic magnetic calorimeter arrays for the first phase of the ECHo experiment
The ECHo experiment has been designed for the determination of the effective electron neutrino mass by means of the analysis of the end-point region of the Ho-163 electron capture spectrum. Metallic magnetic calorimeters enclosing Ho-163 are used for the high energy resolution calorimetric measurement of the Ho-163 spectrum. For the first phase of the experiment, ECHo-1k, a 72-pixel MMC array has been developed. The single-pixel design has been optimised to reach 100% stopping power for the radiation emitted in the Ho-163 electron capture process (besides the electron neutrino) and an energy resolution . We describe the design of the ECHo-1k detector chip, the fabrication steps and the characterisation at room temperature, at 4 K and at the final operation temperatures. In particular, a detailed analysis of the results from these tests allowed to define a quality check protocol based on parameters measurable at room temperature. We discuss the performance achieved with the two ECHo-1k detector chips â the first one with 163Ho implanted in gold and the second one with Ho-163 implanted in silver â which have been used for the high statistics measurement of the ECHo-1k experiment. An average activity per pixel of and and an average energy resolution of FWHM and FWHM have been achieved with these two detectors, fulfilling the requirements for the first phase of the ECHo experiment
From ECHo-1k to ECHo-100k:Optimization of High-Resolution Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters with Embedded for Neutrino Mass Determination
The ECHo experiment aims at determining the effective electron neutrino mass by analyzing the endpoint of the Ho-163 electron capture spectrum. High energy resolution detectors with a well-tailored detector response are the essential ingredient for the success of the ECHo experiment. Metallic magnetic calorimeter arrays enclosing Ho-163 have been chosen for the ECHo experiment. The first MMC array, ECHo-1k, showed excellent performances with an average energy resolution of 5.5 eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV. Based on the results obtained with the ECHo-1k array, optimization studies have paved the way towards a new detector design for the next experimental phase, ECHo-100k. The ECHo-100k chip features an optimized single pixel design to improve the detector performance as well as an upgraded on-chip thermalization layout. The newly fabricated ECHo-100k detectors have been fully characterized at room temperature, at 4 K and at millikelvin temperature. The obtained results show that the ECHo-100k array achieved the expected performance with an average energy resolution of 3.5 eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV, fulfilling the requirements for the ECHo-100k experimental phase