Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of Salvigenin, Salvia officinalis Flavonoid Extracted

Background and aims: Inflammation is one of the defense mechanisms of body and unpleasant sensation of pain is caused by tissue damage. Mostly, inflammation occurs through the release of inflammatory mediators. Salvia officinalis is one of the most valuable medicinal kind of mint order. Salvigenin is one of the active flavonoids existing in this plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of salvigenin, Salvia officinalis flavonoid extracted. Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, plant was extracted and the column chromatography was used to purify prepared extracts. 100 male albino mice and 48 male wistar rats were selected. In the hot plate test and in the writhing test, animals were divided randomly into 5 groups. Group 1 (received 10 mg/kg normal saline), groups 2, 3 and 4 (received Salvigenin 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally, espectively), group 5 (received 10 mg/kg morphine in hot plate test and 10 mg/kg indomethacin in writhing test). In the inflammatory test, animals were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was assigned as a control group which received 0.05 ml of carrageenin. Groups 2, 3 and 4 (received Salvigenin, at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg). Group 5 (received 10 mg/kg indomethacin) and then changes of the volume of all groups were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test and PResults: In writhing test, Salvigenin reduced the number of abdominal contractions at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. Increasing dose of Salvigenin, with reduction in abdominal cramps resulted in the increasing of pain inhibition, and the percentage of this inhibition was statistically significant (P<0.001). In hot plate test, also 30, 45 and 60 minutes after injection of Salvigenin and morphine showed significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.001). Also, Salvigenin increased the maximum percentage of analgesic compared to the control group (P<0.001). Salvigenin could reduce inflammation and in the group that received Salvigenin at 100 mg/kg, the inflammation was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Discussion: Our findings showed that Salvigenin has dose-dependent analgesic effect so that it can be useful in controlling of inflammations, acute and chronic pain

The Role of Interleukin (IL-22) in immune response to human diseases

Background and aims: IL-22 is an alpha- helical cytokine. IL-22 binds to a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of IL-10R2 and IL-22R1subunits. IL-22R is expressed on tissue cells, and it is absent on immune cells. L-22 and IL-10 receptor chains play a role in cellular targeting and signal transduction to selectively initiate and regulate immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the Role of Interleukin (IL-22) in Immune Response in human diseases. Methods: This study was a mini-review research to investigate the role of T helper 22 (Th22) in immune response. Results: IL-22 contributes to immune disease through the stimulation of inflammatory responses, S100s and defensins. IL-22 also promotes hepatocyte survival in the liver and epithelial cells in the lung and gut similar to IL-10. In some contexts, the pro-inflammatory versus tissue-protective functions of IL-22 are regulated by the often co-expressed cytokine IL-17A. IL-22 confirms regulation of antimicrobial proteins. Targeting the IL-22–IL-22R pathway may yield new therapeutic potential for the treatment of certain human diseases. Conclusion: IL-22 is expressed constitutively by LTi-like cells within the small intestine, a tissue that is under the careful immune balance between inflammation and tolerance. Gaining a better understanding of the expression and role of IL-22 in health and disease is important for development of IL-22 as a potential drug target IL-22 is expressed constitutively by LTi-like cells within the small intestine, a tissue that is under the careful immune balance between inflammation and tolerance. Obtaining a better understanding of the expression and role of IL-22 in health and disease is important for development of IL-22 as a potential drug target

The role of vitamin D3 and vitamin B9 (Folic acid) in immune system

ABSTRACT Background and aims: Vitamins are essential constituents of our diet that Longley have been known to influence the immune system. Vitamin D3 and B9 have received particular attention in recent years as these vitamins have been shown to have an unexpected and crucial effect on the immune response. 1, 25(OH)2D3 metabolizing enzymes and vitamin D receptor (VDR) are present in many cell types including various immune cells such as antigen-presenting-cells, T cells, B cells. Methods: In this mini review, we study 30 novel articles since 2009 to 2015 about the essential roles of vitamins in modulating a broad range of immune processes, such as lymphocyte activation, T-helper-cell differentiation and regulation of the immune response. Results: 1, 25(OH)2D3 has direct effect on CD4+ T (T-helper) cells for suppressing various cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22, while enhancing the regulatory Tcells. In vitro studies show that Treg cells could be differentiated from naive T cells in vitamin B9-reduced condition. Conclusions: These findings provide a new link between diet and the immune system, which could maintain the immunological homeostasis and clarify the beneficial roles of vitamins in informing the design of vitamin analogs as pharmacologic agents for the generation and maintenance of a healthy immune condition

Effects of fennel, asafetida and ginseng ethanolic extracts on growth and proliferation of mouse breast cancer 4T1 cell lines

Background: The 4T1 cells tumor growth and metastatic pattern in BALB/c mice very closely mimic human breast cancer. These herbal remedies used in traditional folk medicine have been the source of many medically beneficial drugs. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of the asafoetida, ginseng and fennel ethanolic extracts on mouse breast cancer 4T1 cell-line invitro.Method: in this experimental study, Asafoetida, gensing and fennel were extracted; 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cell line were cultured in 48-well flat bottom plate in density of 50x103 per well in 100 µl RPMI1640 medium then different dilutions of each extract (25 , 50, 100, 200, 500, and 2000 μg/ml) were added to cell culture. Cells then were incubated at 37 oC for 24 hours. After 24 h, cell Proliferation was determined by the BRDU assay . dataset of experiments were collected and analysed with SPSS19 software. Significant level of Data was Examined with one-way ANOVA method and

The role of T helper 9(Th9) against Infectious Diseases

Background and aims: Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites .The Th9 subset develops in response to combined signals from TGF-b and IL-4 among a cacophony of other cytokines in an extracellular milieu. T helper 9 (Th9) cells, as a novel CD4 T cell subset, seem to play a complex role in the outcome of specific immune responses. In this article, we aimed to review the role of these cells in infectious disease. Methods: In this mini-review study, we study 25 novel articles since 2009 to 2014 about the role of T helper 9 in some Infectious Diseases. Results: Pleural mesothelial cells promoted Th9 cell differentiation by presenting antigen. It significantly differentiated Th17, but not Th9 cells in the development of CVB3-induced VMC. The microenvironment of VMC seemed to contribute to the differentiation and proliferation of Th17 rather than to differentiation of Th9 cells. Having reviewed the limited number of articles considering this relevance, we came to this result that Lymphatic Filariasis and mycobacterium tuberculosis infections confirmed the existence of such relationship. In addition, Rapamycin resistant murine Th9 cells have a stable in vivo phenotype and inhibit graft-versus-host reactivity but concerning Viral Myocarditis, Th9 cells could not protect against it. Conclusion: The accurate molecular mechanisms underlying the generation and differentiation of human Th9 cells are not elucidated completely. Th9 cells exhibit Ag specific expansion in a chronic helminth infection (lymphatic filariasis), but in relevance to viral myocarditis, Th9 cells did not play an efficient role against it. However; knowing that whether Th9 cells participate in the protection against infections needs further research

B lymphocytes in COVID-19: a tale of harmony and discordance

B lymphocytes play a vital role in the human defense against viral infections by producing specific antibodies. They are also critical for the prevention of infectious diseases by vaccination, and their activation influences the efficacy of the vaccination. Since the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which became the main concern of the world health system, many efforts have been made to treat and prevent the disease. However, for the development of successful therapeutics and vaccines, it is necessary to understand the interplay between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, and the immune system. The innate immune system provides primary and nonspecific defense against the virus, but within several days after infection, a virus-specific immune response is provided first by antibody-producing B cells, which are converted after the resolution of disease to memory B cells, which provide long-term immunity. Although a failure in B cell activation or B cell dysfunction can cause a severe form of the disease and also lead to vaccination inefficiency, some individuals with B cell immunodeficiency have shown less production of the cytokine IL-6, resulting in a better disease outcome. In this review, we present the latest findings on the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and B lymphocytes during COVID-19 infection