Évaluation du stock de carbone et de la productivité en bois d'un parc à karités du Nord-Cameroun

In the sudanian zones of northern Cameroon, the steady influx of migrants is causing much land clearance in large swathes of savannah lands. Creating denser stands of relict tree populations would be of value at once for agronomic, economic and environmental reasons. A method for evaluating the carbon stored in aerial biomass is proposed here for a village area of shea trees (Vitellaria paradoxa). The aim is to introduce agroforestry projects that will be eligible for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as from 2012. In addition, an evaluation of fuelwood productivity in the area, using pollarding methods, was conducted for about thirty trees over a three-year period. A series of allometric equations was developed (for six shea specimens and one specimen each of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Combretum nigricans), establishing a ratio between aerial biomass and the diameter of the trunk (at chest height or at the branch base) or the surface area of the crown. This provided an estimation of carbon stocks per tree, and then per plot. Given the human pressure exerted on the tree zone, it was established that an 8-year rotation between pollarding operations would offer a healthy trade-off between the various interests involved. These studies offer a preliminary approach that will need to be consolidated with hindsight. Keywords: Vitellaria paradoxa, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), pollarding, fuelwood productivity, carbon, agroforestry, sudanian zone, Cameroon

Ramial wood amendments (Piliostigma reticulatum) mitigate degradation of tropical soils but do not replenish nutrient exports

Restoring degraded soils to support food production is a major challenge for West African smallholders who have developed local innovations to counter further degradation. The objective of this study was to evaluate a local farmer's technique that uses ramial wood (RW) as soil amendment (Piliostigma reticulatum shrub). Three treatments were applied in an experimental plot in Burkina Faso: control (no amendment), low RW (3 Mg fresh mass·ha−1·yr−1), and high RW (12 Mg fresh mass·ha−1·yr−1). RW was chipped to <5‐cm pieces and either buried or mulched. Topsoil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in control and low‐RW treatments declined after 7 years of continuous sorghum cultivation. Use of high‐RW amendment stabilized soil C content while N and P declined, thus not replenishing nutrient exports. Net contribution to soil C in the layer measuring 0–15 cm was 15% of the applied C in the high‐RW amendments. Although biomass and grain yields were higher in high‐RW treatments, crop productivity declined throughout the experiment for all treatments. Termite casts on RW treatments evidenced the potential role of wood‐foraging termites in diluting the impact of RW on soil fertility build‐up and soil water content. We conclude that mitigating soil degradation under semiarid conditions in Burkina Faso would require large amounts of woody amendments, particularly if the level of termite activity is high. Additional nutrient sources would be needed to compensate for removal in exported products so that biomass and grain production can be stabilized or increased.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Félix, Georges F. Wageningen University. Farming Systems Ecology; HolandaFil: Clermont-Dauphin, Cathy. Montpellier SupAgro- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Eco&Sols; FranciaFil: Hien, Edmond. Laboratoire Mixte International. Intensification Ecologique des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de l'Ouest; Burkina FasoFil: Groot, Jeroen C.J. Wageningen University. Farming Systems Ecology; HolandaFil: Penche, Aurelien. Laboratoire Mixte International. Intensification Ecologique des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de l'Ouest; Burkina FasoFil: Barthès, Bernard G. Universidad Montpellier; FranciaFil: Manlay, Raphaël J. AgroParisTech; FranciaFil: Tittonell, Pablo Adrian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Cournac, Laurent. Montpellier SupAgro- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Eco&Sols; Franci

Chapitre 13. Séquestration du carbone et usage durable des savanes ouest-africaines : synergie ou antagonisme ?

Introduction Les écosystèmes de savane ouest-africaine couvrent de vastes superficies (5.106 km2), en grande majorité exploitées par l’agriculture et le pastoralisme (Mayaux et al., 2004). Ils associent des systèmes herbacés et arborés, les faciès de végétation étant fortement pilotés par la pluviosité annuelle selon un gradient latitudinal. Dans ces écosystèmes, pour des raisons principalement démographiques et techniques – et, demain, sans doute climatiques – les ressources carbonées se rar..

Carbone des sols en Afrique

Les sols sont une ressource essentielle à préserver pour la production d’aliments, de fibres, de biomasse, pour la filtration de l’eau, la préservation de la biodiversité et le stockage du carbone. En tant que réservoirs de carbone, les sols sont par ailleurs appelés à jouer un rôle primordial dans la lutte contre l’augmentation de la concentration de gaz à effet de serre. Ils sont ainsi au centre des objectifs de développement durable (ODD) des Nations unies, notamment les ODD 2 « Faim zéro », 13 « Lutte contre le changement climatique », 15 « Vie terrestre », 12 « Consommation et production responsables » ou encore 1 « Pas de pauvreté ». Cet ouvrage présente un état des lieux des sols africains dans toute leur diversité, mais au-delà, il documente les capacités de stockage de carbone selon les types de sols et leurs usages en Afrique. Il propose également des recommandations autour de l’acquisition et de l’interprétation des données, ainsi que des options pour préserver, voire augmenter les stocks de carbone dans les sols. Tous les chercheurs et acteurs du développement impliqués dans les recherches sur le rôle du carbone des sols sont concernés par cette synthèse collective. Fruit d’une collaboration entre chercheurs africains et européens, ce livre insiste sur la nécessité de prendre en compte la grande variété des contextes agricoles et forestiers africains pour améliorer nos connaissances sur les capacités de stockage de carbone des sols et lutter contre le changement climatique

Dynamique de la matière organique à l'échelle d'un terroir agro-pastoral de savane ouest-africaine (sud-Sénégal)

La matière organique (MO) remplit de multiples fonctions dans les systèmes agro-pastoraux ouest-africains. Or l'offre en ressource organique y diminue depuis plusieurs décennies. Afin d'estimer la viabilité d'un terroir agro-pastoral dans le sud du Sénégal, les bilans (stocks et flux) du carbone (C), de l'azote (N) et du phosphore (P ; assimilable seulement dans le sol et noté POD) y ont donc été établis.Le terroir choisi était organisé en auréoles, avec une intensification croissante des pratiques de la périphérie (auréole de brousse) vers le village (champs de case).Les stocks dans le système sol-plante étaient de 54,7 tC, 2,63 tN et 43,5 kgP ha-1 dans les jachères âgées, soit des croîts respectifs de 97, 29 et 251 % par rapport aux cultures de brousse (l'augmentation ayant lieu essentiellement dans la biomasse végétale). Les stocks mesurés dans le sol des champs de case étaient supérieurs à ceux des cultures de brousse, essentiellement dans l'horizon 0-10 cm. Cependant, la faible réponse globale des stocks de carbone des sols sableux à la jachère et à la fumure ne peut être interprétée qu'en réévaluant le rôle bio-thermodynamique joué par le carbone dans l'intégrité des agroécosystèmes locaux.Les stocks moyens sur le terroir contrôlables par l'homme furent estimés à 29,7 tC, 1,52 tN and 28,6 kgP ha-1 en 1997. Le carbone était stocké surtout dans le sol. Elevage, récoltes et collecte de bois ont représenté respectivement 59, 27 et 14 % des prélèvements de carbone dans le terroir. Grâce à eux, des flux importants de carbone ont été établis vers les champs de case (3,8 tC ha-1 an-1), et les pertes minérales globales ont été estimées à 4 kgN et 1 kgP ha-1 an-1. Le terroir était donc proche de l'équilibre minéral.Mais selon la dynamique démographique actuelle, la perte de carbone pourrait atteindre 0,38 tC ha-1 an-1, et la demande en carbone doubler durant les 30 prochaines années. Sans intensification des pratiques, ceci remettrait en cause la viabilité du système

Historical evolution of soil organic matter concepts and their relationships with the fertility and sustainability of cropping systems

Soil organic matter (SOM) is understood today as the non-living product of the decomposition of plant and animal substances. Because it is now recognised that SOM tightly controls many soil properties and major biogeochemical cycles its status is often taken as a strong indicator of fertility and land degradation. Nonetheless the building of the SOM concept has not been easy. A reason for this is that the SOM concept is the product of interdisciplinary cognitive production as well as of a cultural moving context. Historically, three periods involving SOM in relation to cropping sustainability, can be distinguished. (1) Until 1840, some still believed that plant dry matter was mainly derived from uptake of matter supplied by SOM, which was termed humus at that time. Agriculturists who believed this based the management of cropping systems fertility on the management of humus, i.e. through organic inputs. In 1809 Thaer proposed a "Humus Theory" that remained very influential for 30 years, as well as a quantified assessment of the agro-ecological and economic sustainability of farming systems. (2) From the 1840s to the 1940s, Liebig's "mineral nutrition theory", progressive abandonment of recycling of nutrients between cities and country, and breakthroughs in the processes of fertilizer industry paved the way for intensive mineral fertilization as a substitute for organic practices. Although understanding of SOM and soil biological functioning was improving it had little impact on the rise of new mineral-based cropping patterns. (3) Since the 1940s, SOM has been gaining recognition as a complex bio-organo-mineral system, and as a pivotal indicator for soil quality and agro-ecosystems fertility. This has resulted from: (a) methodological and conceptual breakthroughs in its study, leading to significant scientific developments in characterising the role of humus as an ecosystem component; (b) a growing societal demand for the assessment of the environmental cost of intensification in modern agricultural practices, which has led to growing interest in organic farming, agroforestry, conservation tillage, and the use of plant cover

Testando potenciais “espécies-estrutura” em técnica de nucleação aplicada para restaurar restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro

International audienc

Functions, services and value of soil organic matter for human societies and the environment: a historical perspective

International audienceSoil organic matter (SOM) contributes significantly to the chemical, physical and biological ecosystem functions of soil. It influences on plant growth, thus contributing to agricultural production, and performs environmentally valuable services such as carbon sequestration, regulation of the water cycle and detoxification of pollutants. Identification of the functions and services provided by SOM has a long and tumultuous history of scientific discoveries and struggles against false assumptions. This work reports the major steps of this history, with emphasis on two services secured by SOM: (1) the role of SOM in plant production and its connection to soil fertility and thence to the sustainability of cropping and farming systems; and (2) the recognition and assessment of the contribution of SOM to climate-change regulation. Finally, the work explores how SOM, as a multifunctional resource, may be allocated an economic value as a way of promoting its conservation

Relationships between abiotic and biotic soil properties during fallow periods in the sudanian zone of Senegal

Relationships between soil characteristics, various forms of soil organic matter, microbial biomass and the structure of phytoparasitic nematode populations were investigated in six fallow fields aged from 1 to 26 years in the West African Savanna (WAS) belt in southern Senegal. Soil sampling was performed along two transects in each field. Herbaceous biomass and soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics were studied with principal component analysis (PCA) and the relationships between the parameters were extracted with co-inertia analysis. Soil properties (mainly calcium, magnesium and total carbon content, and cation exchange capacity) slightly improved in the upper soil layer (0-5 cm) during the succession of vegetation. In contrast, in the 0-10 cm soil layer, microbial biomass and total soil organic carbon content showed no clear pattern of change over time, while highest charcoal stocks were found in older fallows where bush fires are frequent. In the 0-40 cm layer, living root biomass increased and herbaceous biomass decreased through the chronosequence. Evidence is presented here for particular relationships between some of the carbon components and the structure of the nematode community. #Pratylenchus and #Ditylenchus species were associated with the grass vegetation of the youngest fallows. In contrast #Helicotylenchus and #Scutellonema were present in old fallows. The multiplication of the latter appeared closely related to the presence of woody fine roots, whereas, that of the former seemed to be favoured by the presence of the coarsest root of trees. #Xiphinema$ had a higher density in soils with higher bulk density. Microbial biomass was not affected by fallow duration and was not correlated with the abundance of non-parasitic nematodes... (D'après résumé d'auteur

CaTMAS: a multi-agents model to simulate the dynamics of carbon resources of West African villages

International audienceCarbon is an important determinant of the sustainability of West African farming systems and of the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Given the complexity of C dynamics, various simulation models have been developed. Few include socioeconomic factors or handle system heterogeneity. This study pro- poses a generic, multi-agent model for the analysis of C dynamics at village level. It assumes that a better analysis of carbon dynamics at village level requires account to be taken of social, economic, physical and biological factors as well as of the actions of individuals and their interdependence. The Carbon of Territory Multi-Agent Simulator (CaTMAS) model is based on the Organization-Role-Entity-Aspect (OREA) meta-model and the Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) approach. OREA enables C dynamics to be studied from various points of view through the roles played by entities within organizations and also allows various entities to play the same role in various ways through the notion of aspects. The model was coupled with the Century model and a geographical information system to provide a realistic representation of C dynamics. CaTMAS provides not only a framework for the explicit description of the carbon dynamics of farming systems but can also be used to assess the viability of farming systems using various socioeconomic and biophysical scenarios. The model includes interactions between human activities and the environment. Simple simulations involving two cropping systems and focusing on the impact of population growth and different climate regimes on the C dynamics indicate that CaTMAS accounts realistically for the relationships between population, agriculture, climate and SOC dynamics. In simulation, population growth, which drives food demand, leads to agricultural expansion, land scarcity and decrease in fallow duration. These effects are accentuated by increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall which affect the SOC dynamics controlling soil fertility and thus crop production. Improvements to the model should make it possible to extend the scale of the simulation of C dynamics and include refinements such as the inclusion of the trading of carbon credits