DEVELOPMENT OF FAST-DISSOLVING TABLETS OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE BY SOLID DISPERSION TECHNOLOGY USING POLOXAMER 407 AND POLOXAMER 188

Objective: Amlodipine besylate is a calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension which is practically insoluble in water. The present study aims to design oral fast-release tablets of amlodipine besylate and to optimize the dissolution of the drug by altering the carrier concentration.Materials and Methods: Poloxamer 407 (P407) and poloxamer 188 (P188) were selected as carriers for the preparation of solid dispersion (SD) by the solvent evaporation method with different drug-polymer ratios. The prepared SDs were evaluated for the physical state, drug:carrier interactions by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy.Results: From the dissolution studies, it is confirmed that all SDs showed increased dissolution rate when compared to pure amlodipine besylate. Among the two polymers used, P407 was found to be better than P188 in enhancing dissolution efficiency. The tablets were prepared using SD of amlodipine besylate containing P407 as a carrier. The results showed that P407 SD-based tablets gave a significantly higher release of amlodipine besylate when compared with control tablets. The infrared spectral studies showed that there was no significant interaction between amlodipine besylate and its formulation with different polymers used in the preparation of SDs. XRD studies revealed that the degree of crystallinity of amlodipine besylate reduced when the concentration of carriers increased, which reveals that the drug is in amorphous nature.Conclusion: The combination of SD technology and using superdisintegrants in the formulation is a promising approach for preparing efficient, fast-dissolving tablet of poorly water-soluble drugs, viz., amlodipine besylate

Exact transient analysis of a circulant queuing network

AbstractCirculant matrices possess unusual and interesting properties. These properties have been exploited to obtain the transient solution in closed form for a circulant queuing network that models a distributed query processing system. The sojourn time of a customer in the circulant queuing network is determined. A semi-Markov generalisation of this network is also studied

ANALYSIS ON RETURN, RISK AND VOLATILITY OF SECTORAL INDICES AGAINST BSE

BSE has classified industrial grouping based on similar production processes, products or nature of business. Automobile, Banking, Energy, Fast moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Healthcare, Industrials, IT, Oil & Gas, Power, Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) and Telecom are the classifications. This paper analyzes the return, risk and volatility of such sectoral indices against BSE for the period 2007:01 to 2016:12. The objectives of the study are “ To classify sectors based on Return (High, Medium and Low)”, “To classify sectors based on sensitivity (High, Medium and low), “To classify sectors based on risk (High, Medium and Low)”, “To classify sectors based on volatility”, “To find the sectors which moves with and against S&P BSE 500”. The study reviewed various relevant literatures available and various research works of past and present. The study gathered monthly closing index of S&P BSE 500 and sector wise monthly closing index for the period 2007:01 to 2016:12. The study adapted tools like Pearson correlation, Standard deviation, Beta and Linear Regression to ensure the validity. The study would contribute to investment decisions by investors in selecting sectors based on risk, return, volatility and sensitivity of market

Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman and NMR) and NBO analysis of 3, 4-dimethylanisole by density functional method

Combined experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted on the molecular structure and vibrational, spectra of 3, 4-dimethyl anisole (DMA). The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of DMA have been recorded in the solid phase. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of DMA in the ground state have been calculated by using the ab-initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional methods (B3LYP) invoking 6-31+G (d,p) basis set. The optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by HF method shows best agreement with the experimental values. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of DMA with calculated results by HF and density functional methods indicates that B3LYP is superior to the scaled HF approach for molecular vibrational problems. The difference between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamental is very small. The thermodynamic functions and atomic change of the title compound has also been performed at HF/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theories. A detailed interpretation of the FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR spectra of DMA has also been reported. The theoretical spectrograms for infrared and Raman spectra of the title molecule have been constructed. The thermodynamic function of the title compound has also been performed at HF/6-31+G (d,p) and B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) level of theories. Natural bond orbital analysis has been carried out to explain the change transfer or delocalization of change due to the intra-molecular interactions. Energy of the highest occupied molecular (HOMO) orbital and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbital have been predicted

Effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays L.)

The hot and semi-arid region is prone to meteorological droughts; the lack of rain is frequently accompanied by hot temperatures, strong winds, and low humidity, which has the impact of limiting nutrient uptake and agricultural yields. To overcome this problem a field study conducted during June, 2020 kharif season at farmers field, Chinna Dudyala village, Muddanur, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh aimed to determine the effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays). One of the most important techniques for preserving soil moisture was mulching, which also reduces evapotranspiration when anti-transpirants are used. The experiment comprised nine treatments (T1 to T9) with four types of organic mulches viz., Paddy straw, Ground-nut haulm, Coir-pith, and Sugarcane trash, with foliar spray of kaolin intervals on 40 DAS, 20 & 40 DAS and farmers practice to minimize water stress and improve the nutrient uptake by plant. Among the application of the treatments, coir-pith mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0% (T6) on 20 DAS & 40 DAS had significant effect on NPK uptake with N (187.15 kg ha-1), P (69.60 kg ha-1) and K (156.22 kg ha-1) and enhanced grain yield (6976 kg ha-1) and stover yield (10980 kg ha-1), highest gross returns (138034 ₹. ha-1) and BCR (2.63) and was superior to all the other treatments. The present study would help to effectively utilise the available resources, enhance growth and productivity in maize crop and to make economically viable to the farmers of semi-arid regions

Dezincification of Brass in Sulfide Polluted Sodium Chloride Medium: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

The present paper addresses the effectiveness of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) in preventing the dezincification of brass in sulfide polluted 3.5% NaCl solution. The dezincification behaviour of brass in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 100-1000 ppm of sulfide ions and 1 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-3 M MBT was studied by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, current-time transient and accelerated leaching studies. The presence of sulfide ions in 3.5% NaCl solution has caused a significant increase in the extent of corrosion attack on brass. The inhibiting effect of MBT is markedly reduced in the presence of sulfide ions in the medium. The easy replacement of Cu-MBT complex by Cu2S film on the surface of brass is responsible for the inability of MBT to prevent corrosion attack in the presence of sulfide ions. The study concludes that the effectiveness of MBT in preventing the dezincification of brass is dependent on the concentration of the sulfide ions in the medium and the effectiveness is nullified at higher concentrations of sulfide ions

Stock assessment of seerfishes in the Indian seas

The annual average catch of seerfishes from the Indian seas was 45,0601 during 1995-'99, which constituted 1.8% of the total marine fish catch in India. State-wise Gujarat (28.5%) was the major producer followed by Tamilnadu (15.8%), Maharashtra (15.4%), Andhra Pradesh (11.4%) and Kerala (10.5%). Gill net is the dominant gear in exploiting seerfish followed by trawl, hooks & line, boat seines, shore seines and purse seines. Among the five species, the kingseer Scomberomorus commerson (59.0%) and the spotted seer S. guttatus (35.1%) sustained the fishery, while the streaked seer S.lineolatus and the wahoo Acanthocybium solandri formed only a negligible portion of the fisher

Statistical Properties of Fluctuations: A Method to Check Market Behavior

We analyze the Bombay stock exchange (BSE) price index over the period of last 12 years. Keeping in mind the large fluctuations in last few years, we carefully find out the transient, non-statistical and locally structured variations. For that purpose, we make use of Daubechies wavelet and characterize the fractal behavior of the returns using a recently developed wavelet based fluctuation analysis method. the returns show a fat-tail distribution as also weak non-statistical behavior. We have also carried out continuous wavelet as well as Fourier power spectral analysis to characterize the periodic nature and correlation properties of the time series.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, Econophys-IV, Kolkata, 200

Status of exploitation of seerfishes in the Indian seas

Seerfish production from the Indian seas during the past five decades from 1950s to 1990s, showed an increasing trend. The annual catch increased from 4,505 t in 1953 to 54,8761 in 1998. The average annual catch during the five decadal periods k-aried from 7,278 t in 1950-'59 to 41,575 t in 1990-'99 contributing 1.5% and 1.75% respectively to the total marine fish catch of India. However, the rate of increase through the successive decades decreased indicating the attainment of op- ;imum level of production currently. During 1950-'59, the east coast contributed more (60%) than the west coast (40%), which changed to 36:64 during 1990-'99. iVmong the maritime states of India, Gujarat (25.88%), Maharashtra (16.09%), familnadu (13.59%), Kerala (13.07%) and Andhra Pradesh (12.68%) were the prime seerfish producers during 1990-'99. Gill net (64.8%) was the dominant gear, folowed by trawl (17.4%) and hooks and line (4%) with an average catch rate of 8.1 <g/unit, 0.24 kg/hr and 3.7 kg/unit respectively during 1995-'99. Among the five species, the fishery was sustained only by two species viz., the king seer Scomberomorus commerson and the spotted seer S.guttatus

Stock assessment of coastal tunas in the Indian seas

Tuna and billfish production from the Indian coastal waters, Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar islands during the period 1985-'99 averaged 40,204 t. The contribution by E.affinis, Athazard, T.tonggol, K.pelamis and T.albacares (young ones) were 18,5041,6,8521,3,093 t, 3,3921 and 2,2111 respectively. Drift gill net was the major gear employed in the coastal tuna fishery. The length frequency data collected on the above species during 1990-'98 at seven centres along the Indian coast were analysed employing FiSAT programme to estimate their growth and mortality parameters, exploitation rates and relative yield per recmit