Le rapport d'AEMO : écrit professionnel et/ou transmission subjective

Atelier 3 : écriture professionnalisanteDepuis ses origines le travail social s'organise sur des fondements contradictoires et indissociables servant des intérêts divers et antagonistes. Dans le cadre de l'Assistance Educative en Milieu Ouvert nous nous intéressons au processus d'écriture des éducateurs lorsqu'ils doivent transmettre au juge des enfants, leur rapport de fin d'intervention. Que transmettent-ils ? Sur quelles références s'appuient-ils ? Comment prennent-ils en compte ces références lorsque celles-ci s'avèrent soumises à interprétations ? Quelle place prend et quel rôle joue, leur subjectivité ? Nous parvenons à construire une typologie d'attitudes des éducateurs au moment de la rédaction de leur rapport et nous proposons des perspectives de formations initiales et/ou continues. Notre recherche est aussi un argument pour repenser l'institution et les politiques normatives actuelles

Toxicometabolomics of cathinone derivatives

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte den Metabolismus der synthetischen Cathinone alpha-PBP, alpha-PVT, alpha-PHP, alpha-PEP, and alpha-POP mit und ohne Metabolomik. Der Metabolismus wurde konventionell untersucht, sowie die Kinetikparameter der beteiligten Cytochrom P450 (CYP) Enzyme bestimmt. Ein ungerichtetes Metabolomik (UM)-Arbeitsschema wurde entwickelt, optimiert und auf Inkubationen mit gepoolten humanen Lebermikrosomen (pHLM), sowie HepaRG Zellen angewandt. Alle untersuchten Cathinone wurden reduziert, bildeten Laktame und wurden an ihren Pyrrolidinringen hydroxyliert. Hauptsächlich am Metabolismus beteiligt waren die polymorph exprimierten CYP2D6, CYP2C9 und CYP2C19. Die Entwicklung des UM Arbeitsschema zeigte, dass die Parameter der Präprozessierung und die Auflösung des Massen- spektrometers wichtig für die Wiederfindung von Analyten sind. Angewandt auf pHLM stellte sich UM als effektiver im Vergleich zu konventionellen Methoden heraus, wobei die Ergebnisse vergleichbar mit primären humanen Hepatozyten waren. Die Untersuchung verschiedener Rekonstitutionsmittelmischungen zeigte, dass eine Zusammensetzung von 30% Methanol und 70% Acetonitril gut geeignet ist, um hohe Feature-Flächen und Gesamtfeaturezahlen zu erhalten. Die Anwendung von UM auf Inkubationen mit HepaRG Zellen führte zur Detektion von unerwarteten Aminosäure-Addukten. Diese Addukte wurden bisher noch nicht in der Literatur beschrieben und können wahrscheinlich auch im Menschen detektiert werden.The presented work investigated the metabolism of the synthetic cathinones alpha-PBP, alpha-PVT, alpha-PHP, alpha-PEP, and alpha-POP with and without metabolomics techniques. The metabolism was elucidated using conventional methods and the kinetic parameters of the involved cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were determined. An untargeted metabolomics (UM) workflow was developed, optimized, and applied to incubations using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and HepaRG cells. All investigated cathinones underwent reduction of the cathinone oxo group, lactam formation and hydroxylation of the pyrrolidine ring. The CYP enzymes involved in the metabolism were polymorphically expressed including CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. Development of the UM workflow revealed the preprocessing parameters and the resolution of the mass spectrometer as vital parameters effecting the recovery of analytes. The metabolomics approach using pHLM appeared to be more effective than the conventional approach, detecting almost as much metabolites as primary human hepatocytes. The investigation of different reconstitution solvent mixtures showed that a composition of 30% methanol and 70% acetonitrile was well suited to obtain high feature areas and total feature counts. Applying UM to incubations using HepaRG cells led to the detection of unexpected amino acid adducts with the investigated cathinones. These adducts were not described in previous publications and are likely detectable in humans, as well

Toxicometabolomics of cathinone derivatives

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte den Metabolismus der synthetischen Cathinone alpha-PBP, alpha-PVT, alpha-PHP, alpha-PEP, and alpha-POP mit und ohne Metabolomik. Der Metabolismus wurde konventionell untersucht, sowie die Kinetikparameter der beteiligten Cytochrom P450 (CYP) Enzyme bestimmt. Ein ungerichtetes Metabolomik (UM)-Arbeitsschema wurde entwickelt, optimiert und auf Inkubationen mit gepoolten humanen Lebermikrosomen (pHLM), sowie HepaRG Zellen angewandt. Alle untersuchten Cathinone wurden reduziert, bildeten Laktame und wurden an ihren Pyrrolidinringen hydroxyliert. Hauptsächlich am Metabolismus beteiligt waren die polymorph exprimierten CYP2D6, CYP2C9 und CYP2C19. Die Entwicklung des UM Arbeitss- chema zeigte, dass die Parameter der Präprozessierung und die Auflösung des Massenspektrometers wichtig für die Wiederfindung von Analyten sind. Angewandt auf pHLM stellte sich UM als effektiver im Vergleich zu konventionellen Methoden heraus, wobei die Ergebnisse vergleichbar mit primären humanen Hepatozyten waren. Die Untersuchung verschiedener Rekonstitutionsmittelmischungen zeigte, dass eine Zusammensetzung von 30% Methanol und 70% Acetonitril gut geeignet ist, um hohe Feature-Flächen und Gesamtfeaturezahlen zu erhalten. Die Anwendung von UM auf Inkubationen mit HepaRG Zellen führte zur Detektion von unerwarteten Aminosäure-Addukten. Diese Addukte wurden bisher noch nicht in der Literatur beschrieben und können wahrscheinlich auch im Menschen detektiert werden.The presented work investigated the metabolism of the synthetic cathinones alpha-PBP, alpha-PVT, alpha-PHP, alpha-PEP, and alpha-POP with and without metabolomics techniques. The metabolism was elucidated using conventional methods and the kinetic parameters of the involved cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were determined. An untargeted metabolomics (UM) workflow was developed, optimized, and applied to incubations using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and HepaRG cells. All investigated cathinones underwent reduction of the cathinone oxo group, lactam formation and hydroxylation of the pyrrolidine ring. The CYP enzymes involved in the metabolism were polymorphically expressed including CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. Development of the UM workflow revealed the preprocessing parameters and the resolution of the mass spectrometer as vital parameters effecting the recovery of analytes. The metabolomics approach using pHLM appeared to be more effective than the conventional approach, detecting almost as much metabolites as primary human hepatocytes. The investigation of different reconstitution solvent mixtures showed that a composition of 30% methanol and 70% acetonitrile was well suited to obtain high feature areas and total feature counts. Applying UM to incubations using HepaRG cells led to the detection of unexpected amino acid adducts with the investigated cathinones. These adducts were not described in previous publications and are likely detectable in humans, as well

Traduire les Antilles en anglais : trahir ou fêter la polyphonie?

Traduire les Antilles en anglais : Trahir ou fêter la polyphonie? — Les rapports complexes de langue-culture aux Antilles, lorsqu'on les traduit du français vers l'anglais, se situent sur les plans culturel, naturel et créole-francais. Quand on traduit l'espagnol de Porto Rico en anglais, il s'agit surtout de problèmes d'emprunts, de transfert et de code switching anglais-espagnol dans l'original. Dans les deux cas, par contre, la même question se pose pour le traducteur : comment fêter la polyphonie sans la trahir? Nous examinons quatre nouvelles martiniquaises et portoricaines et leur unicité de contexte pour offrir des solutions spécifiques, des expressions exemplaires, des textes et contextes problématiques, et aussi pour signaler certains problèmes difficiles que pose la traduction des Antilles.Translating the Caribbean into English: to Betray or to Celebrate Polyphony? — Translating the complex language-culture relationships in Caribbean French to English involves issues of culture, nature, and the Creole influence on the French language. In translating Puerto Rican Spanish to English, however, the linguistic issues are more often those of borrowing, transfer and code switching English-Spanish. In both cases the same question arises: how can the translator celebrate the polyphony of the Caribbean without betraying it? We look at four short stories from Martinique and Puerto Rico and, considering their unique contexts, offer specific solutions, exemplary expressions, problematic texts and contexts, and more difficult problems posed by the translation of the Caribbean

Diagnostic Practices of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Brazil

In Brazil, in spite of over half a million students with special needs in primary education, little research has been conducted about ASD diagnostic practices. This involves learning about the training that professionals are receiving, what diagnostic practices are being implemented on the field, and whether those are being contextualized according to the Brazilian culture. Students with special needs are directly affected by the results of diagnostic practices, since identifying the individuals is one of the first steps. Lack of understanding about that stage may lead to the problematic realities of underidentification or overidentification, exclusion of children who should receive that special intervention and inclusion of some who do not need them. Precision in diagnosis, that considers cultural factors, is a highly desired and continuous goal for special educators. Therefore, students with ASD are directly affected by the results of this research. The purpose of this study is 1) to determine the knowledge and training of professionals that diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorder in Brazil (Audiologists, Neurologists, Pediatricians, Psychologists, Psychiatrists, and others), 2) to determine if those professionals are using diagnostic practices similar to the US, 3) to investigate which procedures and instruments are used in the diagnosis of a child suspected of having an Autism Spectrum Disorder in Brazil; and 4) to determine what happens after diagnosis. This research can be placed within the context of studies focused on three complementary areas: conceptual, historical, and cross-cultural. The first area is related to the overall conceptual understanding of cultural factors in the diagnosis of ASD. The second one considers the historical influences in the diagnostic practices of children with ASD in Brazil, including government policies. The last one adopts a cross-cultural approach to the study of autism with emphasis on comparative studies. The survey instrument specifically designed for this study is The Autism Spectrum Disorders Assessment Survey comprised of thirteen questions (single and multiple choice items, and Likert-type items) designed to collect information in regards to demographic characteristics of the participant, description of the diagnostic team, procedures, instruments used for diagnosis, and knowledge about characteristics necessary to identify a child as having an ASD. The survey received 236 responses from professionals that diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorders from every state and the Federal District in Brazil. The results of this research suggest the need to invest in the training of professionals. Another related suggestion is to develop specific criteria and common diagnostic protocol for professionals in Brazil. Finally, providing access to inclusive education to people with autism would also provide them a more adequate opportunity for development

Intraspecific divergence in sperm morphology of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis: implications for selection in broadcast spawners

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sperm morphology can be highly variable among species, but less is known about patterns of population differentiation within species. Most studies of sperm morphometric variation are done in species with internal fertilization, where sexual selection can be mediated by complex mating behavior and the environment of the female reproductive tract. Far less is known about patterns of sperm evolution in broadcast spawners, where reproductive dynamics are largely carried out at the gametic level. We investigated variation in sperm morphology of a broadcast spawner, the green sea urchin (<it>Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis</it>), within and among spawnings of an individual, among individuals within a population, and among populations. We also examined population-level variation between two reproductive seasons for one population. We then compared among-population quantitative genetic divergence (<it>Q</it>_ST) for sperm characters to divergence at neutral microsatellite markers (<it>F</it>_ST).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All sperm traits except total length showed strong patterns of high diversity among populations, as did overall sperm morphology quantified using multivariate analysis. We also found significant differences in almost all traits among individuals in all populations. Head length, axoneme length, and total length had high within-male repeatability across multiple spawnings. Only sperm head width had significant within-population variation across two reproductive seasons. We found signatures of directional selection on head length and head width, with strong selection possibly acting on head length between the Pacific and West Atlantic populations. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of the <it>Q</it>_ST-<it>F</it>_STcomparison.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Sperm morphology in <it>S. droebachiensis </it>is highly variable, both among populations and among individuals within populations, and has low variation within an individual across multiple spawnings. Selective pressures acting among populations may differ from those acting within, with directional selection implicated in driving divergence among populations and balancing selection as a possible mechanism for producing variability among males. Sexual selection in broadcast spawners may be mediated by different processes from those acting on internal fertilizers. Selective divergence in sperm head length among populations is associated with ecological differences among populations that may play a large role in mediating sexual selection in this broadcast spawner.</p

Impact of the used solvent on the reconstitution efficiency of evaporated biosamples for untargeted metabolomics studies

Introduction Untargeted metabolomics intends to objectively analyze a wide variety of compounds. Their diverse physicochemical properties make it difficult to choose an appropriate reconstitution solvent after sample evaporation without influencing the chromatography or hamper column sorbent integrity. Objectives The study aimed to identify the most appropriate reconstitution solvent for blood plasma samples in terms of feature recovery, four endogenous compounds, and one selected internal standard. Methods We investigated several reconstitution solvent mixtures containing acetonitrile and methanol to resolve human plasma extract and evaluated them concerning the peak areas of tryptophan-d5, glucose, creatinine, palmitic acid, and the phophatidylcholine PC(P-16:0/P-16:0), as well as the total feature count Results Results indicated that acetonitrile containing 30% methanol was best suited to match all tested criteria at least for human blood plasma samples. Conclusion Despite identifying the mixture of acetonitrile and methanol being suitable as solvent for human blood plasma extracts, we recommend to systematically test for an appropriate reconstitution solvent for each analyzed biomatrix

Contribution à l'ordonnancement d'ateliers avec ressources de transports

Nos travaux concernent l étude d une extension d un problème d ordonnancement bien connu sous l appellation job shop. Nous appelons cette extension le General Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem (GFJSSP). Celui-ci se rencontre dans différents types d ateliers ayant comme caractéristique commune d être soumis à des contraintes dues à des ressources de transport. Le GFJSSP se caractérise par l intégration de machines et robots flexibles. Le terme General induit par ailleurs la présence de robots dont la capacité est supposée unitaire dans notre étude, des temps opératoires bornés, et la possibilité de prise en compte d emplacements de stockage spécifiques. Après avoir défini l atelier et le problème correspondant à cette extension, nous avons proposé deux modélisations du GFJSSP ainsi défini : une première modélisation mathématique linéaire, et une modélisation graphique, qui correspond à une généralisation du graphe disjonctif couramment utilisé pour les problèmes de job shop. Nous avons ensuite abordé la résolution suivant deux étapes : tout d abord en nous focalisant sur l aspect séquencement des tâches de traitement et de transport, pour lequel nous avons élaboré deux méthodes heuristiques (de type Tabou et basée sur une procédure de shifting bottleneck améliorée) ; puis en intégrant dans un deuxième temps la problématique de l affectation induite par la flexibilité de certaines ressources. Pour cette dernière étape, nous avons combiné les méthodes précédentes avec un algorithme génétique. L algorithme hybride obtenu nous permet de résoudre des instances de la littérature correspondant à divers cas spécifiques, avec des résultats assez proches des meilleures méthodes dédiées. A termes, il pourrait être intégré dans un système d'aide à la décision général qui s affranchirait de la phase d identification préalable du type de job shop considéré, et serait adapté à la résolution de nombreux cas (avec ou sans problème d'affectation, temps de traitement fixes ou bornés, avec ou sans stockage, etc..).Our work focuses on an extension of the well known job shop scheduling problem. We call this extension the General Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem (GFJSSP). It occurs in various kinds of workshops which are particularly constrained by one or several transportation resources (called robots). GFJSSP is characterized by the flexibility of both machines and robots. In the studied problem, the term General involves unitary capacity transportation resources, bounded processing times, and possible input/output buffers for machines. After defining the workshop and the corresponding problem, we proposed two kinds of model for the GFJSSP: a mathematical model, and a graphical one. This last one is a generalization of the disjunctive graph commonly used for job shop problems. We then addressed the resolution in two steps: firstly, by focusing on the sequencing of processing and transportation tasks. For this purpose we have developed two heuristics (Tabu search and an improved shifting bottleneck procedure). Secondly, we have considered the assignment problem involved by the flexibility of some resources. For this last step, we combined the above methods with a genetic algorithm. This hybrid algorithm allowed us to solve various specific cases of instances in the literature, with performance rather close to the best dedicated methods. In the future, it could be integrated within a general decision support system which could emancipate from the initial identification phase of the considered type of job shop, and which would be suitable for solving many cases (with or without assignment problem, fixed or bounded processing times, with or without storage, and so on).BELFORT-UTBM-SEVENANS (900942101) / SudocSudocFranceF