10 research outputs found

    Seleção sexual, características sexuais multimodais e cópulas extra-par em tizius (Volatinia jacarina)

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    Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2013.A poliandria sexual em espécies socialmente monogâmicas é mais comum do que se pensava e fêmeas podem aumentar sua aptidão ao buscarem por múltiplos parceiros sexuais. Em aves, a expressão de sinais sexuais nos machos (e.g. plumagem colorida e canto) é a principal informação utilizada pelas fêmeas para avaliar a qualidade genética ou não-genética de potenciais parceiros. Esse estudo teve como foco o tiziu (Volatinia jacarina), uma espécie socialmente monogâmica e sexualmente poligâmica que forma agregações territoriais durante o período reprodutivo. Os machos desta espécie executam exibições multimodais: repetição de uma vocalização curta enquanto empoleirados (exibição incompleta), e vocalização sincronizada com voos verticais (“saltos”) e rotações do eixo corporal no ápice do salto (exibição completa). Nossos objetivos foram testar: 1) demandas conflitantes entre componentes das exibições que potencialmente indicam a qualidade individual; 2) benefícios diretos (recursos) e indiretos (bons genes e compatibilidade genética) da escolha das fêmeas por parceiros sociais e sexuais, e 3) a hipótese do “lek escondido” (modelos de preferência das fêmeas e machos atraentes "hotshot"), cuja principal predição é de que agregações ocorram para maximizar a oportunidade de cópulas extra par. Em três estações reprodutivas, observamos e gravamos vocalizações e saltos de machos em exibições. Monitoramos a atividade reprodutiva e utilizamos marcadores microssatélites para determinar a paternidade genética dos filhotes. A duração do salto reduziu com a rotação do corpo de machos que saltam mais baixo, e a altura do salto reduziu com as taxas de exibições completas de machos em condição corporal inferior, indicando demandas conflitantes. Os níveis de paternidade extra par variaram de 8% a 34% dos filhotes e de 11% a 47% das ninhadas analisadas. Encontramos fraca evidência de benefício direto pelo maior acesso a alimento, porém encontramos suporte para benefício indireto (bons genes) considerando que as fêmeas selecionaram machos sociais com saltos mais altos, favorecendo a qualidade genética da prole. Fêmeas preferiram machos com cantos mais curtos e, portanto, a duração do canto também deve ser um sinal indicativo de qualidade. No entanto, a dissimilaridade genética entre fêmeas e machos extra par não foi maior do que entre fêmeas e machos sociais, assim como filhotes extra e intra par não diferiram em diversidade alélica e condição corporal. Machos que estabelecem territórios em uma agregação mais cedo na estação reprodutiva saltaram mais alto e produziram canto mais longo, porém não houve relação entre essas características e sua posição espacial dentro da agregação. Machos adiantados também obtiveram mais fertilizações extra par, mas não houve evidência de aumento no sucesso em pareamento e de cópulas extra par em agregações maiores. Em conclusão, nosso estudo mostrou que a) as exibições são provavelmente custosas e a produção simultânea de múltiplos componentes pode ser limitada; b) a escolha das fêmeas por parceiros sociais e sexuais não foi aleatória, sendo que machos que exibiram melhores características sexuais tiveram maior sucesso em pareamento e fertilizações, e c) agregações podem formar-se por um processo hierárquico de estabelecimento dos territórios, iniciado por machos mais atraentes e seguido por machos em condições inferiores, provavelmente devido à preferência das fêmeas por atributos dos machos. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTSexual polyandry in socially monogamous species is more common than previously thought and females may increase their fitness by having multiple sexual partners. In birds, male expression of multimodal sexual signals (e.g. plumage coloration and song) is a cue females use to assess the genetic or non-genetic qualities of potential partners. We studied the blue- black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina), a socially monogamous and sexually polygamous species that forms territorial clusters during the breeding season. Males of this species execute multimodal displays, which comprise either only vocalizations (incomplete displays) or vocalization with a synchronized “leap” flight and body axis rotation at the peak of the flight (complete display). We tested for: 1) trade-offs in display components that could indicate individual quality; 2) direct (resources) and indirect (good genes or compatible genes) benefits to females from social and sexual mating choice, and 3) the “hidden-lek” hypothesis (female preference and “hotshot” models) for which the main expectation is that aggregations is related to increased opportunities for extrapair copulations. In three breeding seasons, we observed and audio/video recorded males in displays. We monitored breeding activities and used microsatellites markers to access genetic paternity of nestlings. Leap duration reduced with body axis rotation for males leaping lower, and leap height reduced with rates of complete displays for males with lower body condition, indicating trade-offs. Extrapair paternity levels ranged from 8% to 34% of all nestlings and 11% to 47% of broods analyzed. Direct benefits of female choice through increased access to resources were unlikely, but we found support for indirect benefits, as females preferred social males with higher leaps and should guarantee genetic benefits to the offspring. Females preferred males with shorter songs, suggesting that song length also indicates male quality. However, genetic dissimilarity between females and extrapair males is not greater than females and social males, nor did extrapair and within-pair young differ in quality. Males establishing territories in a cluster earlier in a breeding season had higher leaps and longer songs; however, there was no relationship between these traits and male spatial position within the cluster. Earlier males obtained more extrapair fertilizations, but we found no support for increased pairing success and increased chance for extrapair copulations in larger clusters. Overall, our study showed that a) displays are probably costly and the combination of multiple cues may be under trade- offs, b) female choice for social and sexual partners is non-random, with males bearing better sexual traits showing increased success in paring and fertilizations and c) clustering may develop through a hierarchical settlement process, initialized by more attractive males and followed by low quality males, probably because of female preference for male traits

    Reprodução cooperativa em Neothraupis fasciata : ajudantes de ninho realmente ajudam?

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    Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2008.A cooperação no ninho é um comportamento raro entre as aves. Os ajudantes de ninho auxiliam no cuidado dos filhotes que não são seus descendentes imediatos. Os principais benefícios para o par reprodutor envolvem a redução do esforço parental e, conseqüentemente, o aumento na chance de sobrevivência e de futuras reproduções. Os ajudantes podem, ainda, melhorar a nutrição dos filhotes ou aumentar o sucesso reprodutivo dos pares reprodutores. Testamos a influência dos ajudantes de ninhos de Neothraupis fasciata sobre características reprodutivas, como tamanho da ninhada, taxa de eclosão, desenvolvimento dos ninhegos, produção de filhotes, sobrevivência diária dos ninhos e número de tentativas reprodutivas do par reprodutor, bem como sobre variáveis comportamentais relacionadas à alimentação dos filhotes no ninho. Monitoramos ninhos de pares reprodutores com e sem ajudantes nos anos de 2006 e 2007 na Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, DF. Realizamos observações nos ninhos para avaliar o número de entregas de alimento por hora, bem como a participação de cada indivíduo reprodutor neste comportamento. Medimos a massa corporal dos ninhegos no início e no fim do desenvolvimento para calcular as suas taxas de crescimento. Ninhos entre quatro a seis dias de idade com ajudantes tiveram maiores taxas de entrega de alimento, porém as taxas de crescimento e o tempo de permanência do ninhego no ninho não foram influenciados. Na presença de ajudantes, os machos reprodutores reduziram o esforço no cuidado parental em ninhos com filhotes no fim do desenvolvimento (8 a 10 dias), enquanto que as fêmeas reprodutoras mantiveram o mesmo nível de esforço. Assim, a presença dos ajudantes tanto foi aditiva, pois aumentou entrega de alimento total no ninho, como compensativa, pois reduziu o esforço dos machos reprodutores. A presença dos ajudantes não aumentou tamanho da ninhada, a taxa de eclosão dos ovos, a produção de filhotes por ninho, a probabilidade de 2 sobrevivência diária dos ninhos e a chance de novas tentativas reprodutivas dos pares em uma mesma estação. Assim, ao contrário do esperado para espécies com reprodução cooperativa, em N. fasciata o sucesso reprodutivo e a produção de filhotes não devem ser os principais fatores responsáveis pelo aumento na aptidão do par reprodutor ou na aptidão inclusiva dos ajudantes. Além disso, apenas os machos reprodutores foram beneficiados pela cooperação no ninho permitindo, provavelmente, um aumento na sua chance de sobrevivência e investimento em reproduções futuras. Demonstramos que a principal influência dos ajudantes de ninho está relacionada à compensação do esforço parental dos machos reprodutores e sugerimos que a saturação do habitat deve atuar em favor da permanência de indivíduos em territórios alheios, que se tornam ajudantes dos pares reprodutores. Portanto, a reprodução cooperativa pode estar mais associada a benefícios diretos para esses indivíduos, como o aumento na chance da própria sobrevivência, do que a benefícios para o próprio par reprodutor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTCooperative breeding is uncommon among birds. Helpers at the nest perform parentlike behavior towards young birds that are not their own offspring. Helpers often reduce breeders’ parental effort and, thus, increase their survival and future chances of reproduction. Moreover, helpers could reduce nestling starvation or increase breeders’ reproductive success. We studied Neothraupis fasciata’s reproduction and investigated the influence of helpers on clutch size, hatching rate, nestling development, number of successful fledglings, daily nest survival, number of nesting attempts and food delivery rate. We monitored helped and unhelped nests during breeding seasons of 2006 and 2007 at “Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas”, DF. We observed nests in order to evaluate the number of food deliveries per hour and parents participation on parental care. We measured nestling body mass in the beginning and in the end of their development. Helped nests with four to six years old nestling presented higher food delivery rates. However, there was no effect of helping behavior on nestling growth rate and nestling period. Males reduced their parental effort at nests with eight to ten years old nestlings but females never did. Thus, helping behavior was additive, since total food delivery rate increased, and compensative, since males reduced their parental effort. There was no effect of helpers on clutch size, hatching rate, number of successful fledglings, daily nest survival and number of nesting attempts in a breeding season. Unlike many cooperative breeding species, reproductive success and fledgling production in N. fasciata may not be the main factor that increases breeders’ fitness and helper’s inclusive fitness. Furthermore, males were more likely to have benefits from helpers and it could, probably, increase their own survival rates and future chances of reproduction. We showed that the main helper influence is related to the reduction on males’ parental effort and suggest that habitat saturation may constrain individuals’ dispersal, which leads them to help reproductive pairs at the nest. In conclusion, cooperative breeding in N. fasciata may be more related to direct benefits to helpers, for example, higher survival chances, than to benefits to breeders

    Host life-history traits predict haemosporidian parasite prevalence in tanagers (Aves: Thraupidae)

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    Vector-borne parasites are important ecological drivers influencing life-history evolution in birds by increasing host mortality or susceptibility to new diseases. Therefore, understanding why vulnerability to infection varies within a host clade is a crucial task for conservation biology and for understanding macroecological life-history patterns. Here, we studied the relationship of avian life-history traits and climate on the prevalence of Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus parasites. We sampled 3569 individual birds belonging to 53 species of the family Thraupidae. Individuals were captured from 2007 to 2018 at 92 locations. We created 2 phylogenetic generalized least-squares models with Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus prevalence as our response variables, and with the following predictor variables: climate PC1, climate PC2, body size, mixed-species flock participation, incubation period, migration, nest height, foraging height, forest cover, and diet. We found that Parahaemoproteus and Plasmodium prevalence was higher in species inhabiting open habitats. Tanager species with longer incubation periods had higher Parahaemoproteus prevalence as well, and we hypothesize that these longer incubation periods overlap with maximum vector abundances, resulting in a higher probability of infection among adult hosts during their incubation period and among chicks. Lastly, we found that Plasmodium prevalence was higher in species without migratory behaviour, with mixed-species flock participation, and with an omnivorous or animal-derived diet. We discuss the consequences of higher infection prevalence in relation to life-history traits in tanagers.Fil: Aguiar de Souza Penha, Victor. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Maia Chaves Bicalho Domingos, Fabricius. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Fecchio, Alan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; ArgentinaFil: Bell, Jeffrey A.. University of South Dakota; Estados UnidosFil: Weckstein, Jason D.. No especifíca;Fil: Ricklefs, Robert E.. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: Martins Braga, Erika. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: de Abreu Moreira, Patrícia. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; BrasilFil: Soares, Leticia. University of Western Australia; AustraliaFil: Latta, Steven. No especifíca;Fil: Tolesano Pascoli, Graziela. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Alquezar, Renata Duarte. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Del Claro, Kleber. Universidade Federal de Uberlandia; BrasilFil: Tonelli Manica, Lilian. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasi

    Vocal output predicts territory quality in a Neotropical songbird

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    a b s t r a c t Females who choose highly ornamented mates may gain resources that improve offspring production and survival. Studies have focused on the relationship between male quality and the complexity of sexual ornaments; however, less is known of the communicative content of courtship displays, and whether they indicate the quality of resources males can provide to mates. Here, we used blue-black grassquits (Volatinia jacarina) to test the relationship between male display attributes and territory quality, measured as food availability. Our main hypothesis was that territory quality would be better predicted by dynamic displays than by static ornaments. During four breeding seasons in central Brazil, we quantified display song attributes (output and consistency) and the timing of nuptial molt. We measured territorial seed density, body condition, and ectoparasite infestation. We found a positive relationship between song output and territory seed density, suggesting this attribute provides a reliable indicator of territory quality. However, the timing of molt was unrelated to territory quality. Additionally, no other male attribute was associated with seed density. The link between song output and territory quality might reflect variation in male condition in response to territorial resources, or extra time males on higher quality territories have to invest in territorial defense

    ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

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    Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

    ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

    No full text
    Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ
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