12 research outputs found
Europeanization through its instrumentation:Benchmarking, mainstreaming and open method of coordination⊠Toolbox or Pandoraâs nox ?
Understanding Europeanization through its instrumentation raises
the issue of the supposed neutrality of policy tools used as soft modes of action.
The aim of this article is to assess how this ânew governanceâ tends to guide
policy-making on a specific path. Indeed, European construction cannot be restricted
to the direct impact of Community law or to the indirect effects of economic integration.
A new form of non-constraining co-ordination has been developing since
the mid-1990s. In order to explain how the cognitive mechanisms of Europeanization
work, we open the âtoolboxesâ that allow European institutions to have an
effect on national representations and practices. The use of benchmarking for building
the European Research Area, the elaboration of gender equality policy according
to the principle of mainstreaming, and the open method of co-ordination (OMC) in
the field of pension reforms, illustrate how such policy instruments lead national governments
to meet the competitiveness requirements of the Lisbon strategy
Europeanization through its instrumentation:Benchmarking, mainstreaming and open method of coordination⊠Toolbox or Pandoraâs nox ?
Understanding Europeanization through its instrumentation raises
the issue of the supposed neutrality of policy tools used as soft modes of action.
The aim of this article is to assess how this ânew governanceâ tends to guide
policy-making on a specific path. Indeed, European construction cannot be restricted
to the direct impact of Community law or to the indirect effects of economic integration.
A new form of non-constraining co-ordination has been developing since
the mid-1990s. In order to explain how the cognitive mechanisms of Europeanization
work, we open the âtoolboxesâ that allow European institutions to have an
effect on national representations and practices. The use of benchmarking for building
the European Research Area, the elaboration of gender equality policy according
to the principle of mainstreaming, and the open method of co-ordination (OMC) in
the field of pension reforms, illustrate how such policy instruments lead national governments
to meet the competitiveness requirements of the Lisbon strategy
préretraites au viellissement actif : l'évolution des politiques sociales pour les travailleurs ùgés de plus de 50 ans en France et en Allemagne (1970-2007). L'Europe, un levier d'action pour sortir du sentier des préretraites ?. From early retirement to active ageing : The evolution of social policies for older workers in France and Germany (1970-2007). The effect of the EU as as lever in driving change ?.
LâAllemagne et la France sont considĂ©rĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature comme des archĂ©types de lâEtat social sans travail. Dans le contexte de la crise Ă©conomique, les deux pays se sont engagĂ©s Ă partir du milieu des annĂ©es 1970 dans une stratĂ©gie de partage de lâemploi, qui en sâappuyant sur les institutions de protection sociale, a conduit Ă lâĂ©viction progressive des groupes considĂ©rĂ©s comme moins prioritaires, dont les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s de plus de 55 ans. Progressivement, un sentier de dĂ©pendance sâest institutionnalisĂ© et a favorisĂ© le dĂ©veloppement dâune culture des Ăąges spĂ©cifique. Les tentatives de rĂ©formes, au cours des annĂ©es 1990, se sont heurtĂ©es dans les deux pays au poids de lâhĂ©ritage institutionnel, politique et culturel, et ont fait apparaĂźtre un blocage dâautant plus problĂ©matique dans le contexte du vieillissement dĂ©mographique et de la rĂ©forme des systĂšmes de retraite. La proposition au niveau europĂ©en dâune stratĂ©gie concertĂ©e basĂ©e sur le principe du vieillissement actif est en ce sens apparue comme un levier dâaction, qui a permis de sortir dâune situation de double-contrainte. A partir du dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000, les deux pays se sont engagĂ©s Ă impulser un changement de paradigme vis-Ă -vis des seniors, qui a progressivement conduit Ă la reconfiguration des politiques nationales. Dans ce secteur de lâaction publique, on observe une europĂ©anisation souple, qui sâappuie sur des vecteurs cognitifs et normatifs (engagements communs, Ă©change de bonnes pratiques, diffusion des idĂ©es europĂ©ennes), et conduit Ă un jeu Ă somme positive.
Des préretraites au vieillissement actif : l'évolution des politiques sociales pour les travailleurs ùgés de plus de 50 ans en France et en Allemagne (1970-2007) : l'Europe, un levier d'action pour sortir du sentier des préretraites ?
LâAllemagne et la France sont considĂ©rĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature comme des archĂ©types de lâEtat social sans travail. Dans le contexte de la crise Ă©conomique, les deux pays se sont engagĂ©s Ă partir du milieu des annĂ©es 1970 dans une stratĂ©gie de partage de lâemploi, qui en sâappuyant sur les institutions de protection sociale, a conduit Ă lâĂ©viction progressive des groupes considĂ©rĂ©s comme moins prioritaires, dont les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s de plus de 55 ans. Progressivement, un sentier de dĂ©pendance sâest institutionnalisĂ© et a favorisĂ© le dĂ©veloppement dâune culture des Ăąges spĂ©cifique. Les tentatives de rĂ©formes, au cours des annĂ©es 1990, se sont heurtĂ©es dans les deux pays au poids de lâhĂ©ritage institutionnel, politique et culturel, et ont fait apparaĂźtre un blocage dâautant plus problĂ©matique dans le contexte du vieillissement dĂ©mographique et de la rĂ©forme des systĂšmes de retraite. La proposition au niveau europĂ©en dâune stratĂ©gie concertĂ©e basĂ©e sur le principe du vieillissement actif est en ce sens apparue comme un levier dâaction, qui a permis de sortir dâune situation de double-contrainte. A partir du dĂ©but des annĂ©es 2000, les deux pays se sont engagĂ©s Ă impulser un changement de paradigme vis-Ă -vis des seniors, qui a progressivement conduit Ă la reconfiguration des politiques nationales. Dans ce secteur de lâaction publique, on observe une europĂ©anisation souple, qui sâappuie sur des vecteurs cognitifs et normatifs (engagements communs, Ă©change de bonnes pratiques, diffusion des idĂ©es europĂ©ennes), et conduit Ă un jeu Ă somme positive.Germany and France are seen as archetypes of the Welfare State without work. Since the mid-1970s, when confronted with a severe economic downturn, these two countries started using early retirement schemes, backed by State Social Protection instutions, to cope with the problem of high unemployment: the employment benefits from removing the lower priority workers (e. G. , those over 55) from the labour force were deemed higher than the economic cost. This trade-off led to a particular age-specific pattern of Welfare State dependency. The attempts to reform the situation during the 1990s were stymied due to significant institutional, political and cultural inertia and vested interests. The ageing of the population and pension reform made this blocked situation even more critical. At a European level, the proposal for a concerted strategy based on Active Ageing, has been seen as a key factor in developing a solution to this problem. Since the early 2000s, both countries have been committed to fostering a paradigm shift that has progressively led to a reconfiguration of domestic policy concerning older workers. In this policy sphere, there is an on-going process of âsoft europeanisationâ, based on cognitive and prescriptive tools (common objectives, sharing of best practices, dissemination of European ideas), leading to a win-win situation
Le role des organisations internationales dans les réformes des systÚmes nationaux de protection sociale
Depuis le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1990, l'Ătat-providence est appelĂ© Ă se rĂ©former. De nombreux travaux ont Ă©tudiĂ© ces processus de rĂ©formes. Ils se situent pour la plupart au niveau national. Ces travaux ont suscitĂ© un dĂ©bat sur les causes de ces rĂ©formes. Dans le cadre de ce dĂ©bat, deux ensembles d'hypothĂšses sont en confrontation. D'un cĂŽtĂ©, de nombreux auteurs et experts, que ce soit pour l'approuver ou pour le dĂ©plorer, pensent que c'est la mondialisation qui oblige les Ătats-providence Ă s'adapter et se restructurer. En gĂ©nĂ©ral, ces travaux annoncent ou souhaitent sinon la fin du moins la diminution et la transformation profonde de l'Ătat-providence dans le sens d'un modĂšle plus rĂ©siduel2. De l'autre, un certain nombre d'auteurs soulignent que mĂȘme sans transformation supranationale - mondialisation ou construction
européenne -, les évolutions domestique
Europeanization through its instrumentation: benchmarking, mainstreaming and the open method of co-ordination ⊠toolbox or Pandora's box?
Understanding Europeanization through its instrumentation raises the issue of the supposed neutrality of policy tools used as soft modes of action. The aim of this article is to assess how this ânew governanceâ tends to guide policy-making on a specific path. Indeed, European construction cannot be restricted to the direct impact of Community law or to the indirect effects of economic integration. A new form of non-constraining co-ordination has been developing since the mid-1990s. In order to explain how the cognitive mechanisms of Europeanization work, we open the âtoolboxesâ that allow European institutions to have an effect on national representations and practices. The use of benchmarking for building the European Research Area, the elaboration of gender equality policy according to the principle of mainstreaming, and the open method of co-ordination (OMC) in the field of pension reforms, illustrate how such policy instruments lead national governments to meet the competitiveness requirements of the Lisbon strategy
Europeanization through its instrumentation: Benchmarking, mainstreaming and open method of coordination⊠Toolbox or Pandoraâs nox ?
Understanding Europeanization through its instrumentation raisesthe issue of the supposed neutrality of policy tools used as soft modes of action.The aim of this article is to assess how this ânew governanceâ tends to guidepolicy-making on a specific path. Indeed, European construction cannot be restrictedto the direct impact of Community law or to the indirect effects of economic integration.A new form of non-constraining co-ordination has been developing sincethe mid-1990s. In order to explain how the cognitive mechanisms of Europeanizationwork, we open the âtoolboxesâ that allow European institutions to have aneffect on national representations and practices. The use of benchmarking for buildingthe European Research Area, the elaboration of gender equality policy accordingto the principle of mainstreaming, and the open method of co-ordination (OMC) inthe field of pension reforms, illustrate how such policy instruments lead national governmentsto meet the competitiveness requirements of the Lisbon strategy