244 research outputs found
Watermarking Using Decimal Sequences
This paper introduces the use of decimal sequences in a code division
multiple access (CDMA) based watermarking system to hide information for
authentication in black and white images. Matlab version 6.5 was used to
implement the algorithms discussed in this paper. The advantage of using
d-sequences over PN sequences is that one can choose from a variety of prime
numbers which provides a more flexible system.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure
Watermarking using decimal sequences
This thesis introduces the use of decimal sequences in watermarking to hide information for authentication. The underlying system is based on code division multiple access (CDMA), which is a form of spread spectrum communication. Different algorithms for the use of decimal sequences have been formulated for use in black and white images. The watermark is spread across the carrier image by using the d- sequences of optimal period and retrieval is made by the use of correlation. Matlab version 6.5 was used to implement the algorithms discussed in this thesis. The advantage of using d-sequences over PN sequences is that one can choose from a variety of prime numbers which provides a more flexible system. Different methods for adding the random sequence to the image were investigated and results for random shifts and cyclic shifts have also been discussed
Effect of Inhalation Steroids in Children with Coexistent Atopic Disorders & Nephrotic Syndrome on Prevention of Relapses of Nephrotic Syndrome
In many nephrotic syndrome children, it has been observed that onset of rhinitis and/or wheezing attacks precipitate the relapseof nephrotic syndrome. This association is known since long time. We decided to observe the response of inhalation steroids inprevention of relapses of nephrotic syndrome in children who presented with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome andcoexistent atopic disorders
Role of MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF as serum biomarker in early prognosis of renal cell carcinoma
Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma epitomizes a diversified group of tumors which contributes more than 15,000 deaths annually worldwide. In spite of tremendous efforts to identify prognostic factors apart from grade, histology and tumor size, they are not so obvious yet to fulfill the requirement. In this study, the prognostic role of serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, 9, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in patients with pre and postoperative renal cell carcinoma are evaluated to use as biomarker.Patients and methods: A total of 100 patients with a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma included in the study. Additionally, hundred healthy kidney donors enrolled as control, serum MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF levels were analyzed in the serum of post and preoperative patients and parallel in control serum samples by ELISA method.Result: Most of the patients with RCC were found to have high concentrations of serum MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF. The levels of MMP-2 in the serum of preoperative patients ranged from 627 to 1117 ng/ml (833.90 ± 111.91), postoperative MMP-2 range 302â913 (553.02 ± 150.08), control range 122â384 (228.33 ± 72.52). In MMP-9 pre-operative range 619â1233 (862.32 ± 119.77), post-operative range 124â909 (552.88 ± 151.91) and control range 42â467 (245.44 ± 116.52 and in VEGF preoperative range was 0.792â2.214 (1.35 ± 0.36), postoperative range was 0.315â1.917 (0.81 ± 0.46) and in control it was 0.01â0.39 (0.10 ± 0.09). We observed that preoperative levels of all three markers, were significantly increased if compared with postoperative and control levels (P = 0.001) however, no any significant correlation found when the levels correlated with grade, stage, size, and type for MMP-2 and MMP-9, but VEGF shows some significance in comparison
EP-1385: A comparative study between radical RT and radical prostatectomy in locally advanced prostate cancer
Wetting transitions on superhydrophobic auxetic metamaterials
Superhydrophobicity plays a pivotal role in numerous applications. Recently, we have demonstrated the potential of auxetic metamaterials in creating superhydrophobic materials with unique wetting properties. However, the superhydrophobic properties are lost when the liquid penetrates into the surface structure. Understanding the conditions for droplet penetration is crucial for advancing wetting control. Here, we experimentally identify the transition from droplet suspension to full-penetration on an auxetic bowtie/honeycomb lattice membrane. We develop a comprehensive physical model surface representing different states of strain, ranging from auxetic to conventional lattice membranes, and consider the wetting as the liquid surface tension is varied using water/ethanol mixtures. By examining the interplay between contact angle and lattice structure, we gain valuable insights into the conditions for droplet suspension and full-penetration. Additionally, we develop a simple touch test to discern whether a droplet has effectively fully penetrated the structure, providing a practical and efficient means of distinguishing the different wetting states (suspended or partially penetrating vs fully penetrating)
Polymorphism of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in prostate cancer: A study from North India
BACKGROUND: Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are active in the
detoxification of wide variety of endogenous or exogenous carcinogens.
The genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes have been studied
earlier to evaluate the relative risk of various cancers. AIM, SETTING
AND DESIGN: In the present study, we examined the association of the
GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with sporadic prostate cancer
patients in north Indian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This case
control study was undertaken over a period of 24 months and included
103 prostate cancer patients and 117 controls; both patients and
controls originated from northern part of India. The GSTT1 and GSTM1
genotypes were identified by multiplex PCR in peripheral blood DNA
samples. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Difference in genotype prevalence and
association between case and control group were assessed by the Chi
square and Fisher Exact tests. RESULTS: Frequencies of null genotypes
in GSTT1 and GSTM1, was 11% (13/117) and 30% (35/117) respectively in
control individuals. The frequencies of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes
in prostate cancer patients were 34% (35/103) and 53% (55/103)
respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that the null
genotypes of GSTT1 and GSTM1 are substantially at higher risk for
prostate carcinoma as compared to the normal healthy controls. The
GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes did not show significant association
with tobacco usage in prostate cancer patients. However, the null
genotypes were significantly stratified in 50-60 year-old patients when
incidence of prostate cancer is high
Prognosticfactors in patients with renal cell carcinoma: Is TNM (1997) staging relevant in Indian subpopulation?
BACKGROUND: RCC (Renal Cell Carcinoma) is a common genitourinary
malignancy, but its behavior has not been studied in the Indian
Subpopulation. AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the validity
of 1997 AJCC TNM staging in Indian subpopulation and also to identify
independent predictors for survival in patients having RCC. SETTING
AND DESIGN: Retrospective uncontrolled analysis of patients with RCC
was performed at our centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of
patients of undergoing radical nephrectomy at our center between 1994
to August 2003 were identified retrospectively. Medical records of 178
patients were available for analysis. Patient characteristics,
preoperative imaging and surgical details were reviewed. Each tumor was
staged according to the 1997 AJCC TNM classification. Nuclear grade was
assigned according to the Fuhrman\u2032s grading system. STATISTICAL
METHODS: Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software
and descriptive statistics and survival functions were obtained.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors affecting outcome of
the patient were performed. RESULTS: Mean follow up period was 42.3
months (range 3 to 108 months). Stage wise 5-year Cancer specific
survival was 87.2% in stage 1 disease, 74.3% in stage 2, 36.4% in stage
3 and 3.1% in stage 4. Univariate analysis revealed that stage, grade
and lymph node status were statistically significant (P=0.009, 0.007
and 0.003 respectively). Sub-classifying stage 1 tumors between tumor
of less than 4 cm. and more than 4 cm. did not reveal any statistically
significant difference in survival (P=0.32). Multivariate analysis
model revealed that Fuhrman\u2032s grade and lymph node status were
statistically significant (P=0.007 and 0.002 respectively).
CONCLUSION: This study validates the TNM (1997) staging for RCC as
having significant survival impact in the Indian subpopulation.
Sub-classifying stage 1 tumors between tumor of less than 4 cm. and
more than 4 cm is not of much importance. Nuclear grade and lymph node
involvement are important independent predictors of survival. Organ
confined tumors with high nuclear grades need to be followed up more
rigorously
Transforming Auxetic Metamaterials into Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Superhydrophobic materials are often inspired by nature, whereas metamaterials are engineered to have properties not usually occurring naturally. In both, the key to their unique properties is structure. Here, it is shown that a negative Poisson's ratio (auxetic) mechanical metamaterial can transform into a unique superhydrophobic material. When stretched, its surface has the counterintuitive property that it also expands in the orthogonal lateral direction. The change in the solid surface fraction as strain is applied is modeled, and it is shown that it decreases as the space between solid elements of the auxetic lattice expands. This results in a unique dependence of the superhydrophobicity on strain. Experimental models are constructed to illustrate the relationship between different states of strain and superhydrophobicity as the lattice transitions from an auxetic to a conventional structure. The findings offer a new approach to designing superhydrophobic materials for selfâcleaning surfaces, droplet transportation, droplet encapsulation, and oilâwater separation
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