Farmland biodiversity and agricultural management on 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions

Farmland is a major land cover type in Europe and Africa and provides habitat for numerous species. The severe decline in farmland biodiversity of the last decades has been attributed to changes in farming practices, and organic and low-input farming are assumed to mitigate detrimental effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity. Since the farm enterprise is the primary unit of agricultural decision making, management-related effects at the field scale need to be assessed at the farm level. Therefore, in this study, data were collected on habitat characteristics, vascular plant, earthworm, spider, and bee communities and on the corresponding agricultural management in 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions. In 15 environmental and agricultural homogeneous regions, 6–20 farms with the same farm type (e.g., arable crops, grassland, or specific permanent crops) were selected. If available, an equal number of organic and non-organic farms were randomly selected. Alternatively, farms were sampled along a gradient of management intensity. For all selected farms, the entire farmed area was mapped, which resulted in total in the mapping of 11 338 units attributed to 194 standardized habitat types, provided together with additional descriptors. On each farm, one site per available habitat type was randomly selected for species diversity investigations. Species were sampled on 2115 sites and identified to the species level by expert taxonomists. Species lists and abundance estimates are provided for each site and sampling date (one date for plants and earthworms, three dates for spiders and bees). In addition, farmers provided information about their management practices in face-to-face interviews following a standardized questionnaire. Farm management indicators for each farm are available (e.g., nitrogen input, pesticide applications, or energy input). Analyses revealed a positive effect of unproductive areas and a negative effect of intensive management on biodiversity. Communities of the four taxonomic groups strongly differed in their response to habitat characteristics, agricultural management, and regional circumstances. The data has potential for further insights into interactions of farmland biodiversity and agricultural management at site, farm, and regional scale

Red Data List of the bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) of Germany (4th Edition, December 2007)

Von 560 in Deutschland nachgewiesenen Arten wurden 555 Arten einer Bewertung unterzogen. Danach sind 289 Arten (52 %) bestandsgefährdet. 227 Arten wurden einer Gefährdungskategorie zugeordnet: 25 Arten zu Kategorie 1 ("vom Aussterben bedroht"), 81 Arten zu Kategorie 2 ("stark gefährdet"), 88 Arten zu Kategorie 3 ("gefährdet"), 33 Arten zu Kategorie G ("Gefährdung unbekannten Ausmaßes"); 24 Arten gelten als "extrem selten" (R) und 43 Arten wurden in die Vorwarnliste (V) aufgenommen. Für 17 Arten sind die "Daten unzureichend" (D) für eine Einstufung. Im Vergleich mit der Fassung von 1998 hat der prozentuale Anteil der in die Rote Liste aufgenommenen Arten nicht abgenommen. Nur 37 % der Arten gelten als derzeit nicht gefährdet. Veränderungen zeigen sich vor allem in unterschiedlichen Einstufungen der Arten. Dies ist teilweise durch die andere Einschätzung der Bestandessituation bedingt, teilweise auch durch die neue Vorgehensweise und Anwendung des vorgegebenen Einstufungsschemas. Bei 59 Arten ergab sich eine im Vergleich zu 1998 günstigere Bestandessituation, 36 Arten finden sich nun in einer höheren Kategorie, weil sich ihre Situation schlechter darstellt als vor 10 Jahren. Hauptursache für den gravierenden Rückgang vieler Arten ist die industrielle Landwirtschaft und der damit einhergehende Verlust artspezfischer Nahrungsquellen und Nistplätze.An updated Red Data List, based on a revised catalogue of the bees of Germany, is presented. So far 560 species of bee have been recorded in Germany, of which 555 species have been evaluated. 289 species were included in the threatened catagories of the Red Data List. 38 species are extinct or missing. 227 species have been classified as endangered according to categories 1, 2, 3 and G; 24 species as extremely rare (R). 43 species as near-threatened (V). For 17 species there has been insufficient knowledge to assess the status (D). The main reason for decline is the loss of the network of semi-natural habitats due to intensive agriculture