On 2-absorbing fuzzy ideals of commutative semirings

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study 2-absorbing fuzzy ideals of commutative semirings. Some basic operations on them are defined and some of its characterizations are obtained.Publisher's Versio

Some Properties of Q-Neutrosophic Ideals of Semirings

The intention of this paper is to introduce and study some properties of the ideals of semirings using the concept of Q-neutrosophic set

Role of ultrasonography in evaluation of right iliac fossa mass compared to CT scan

Background: With the demonstration of origin and nature of RIF mass by high-resolution ultrasound and multidetector CT scan, the patients presenting with clinically palpable mass in RIF need not to undergo time consuming, uncomfortable and unpalatable barium study. The objective is to evaluate the diagnostic precision of CT and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of right iliac fossa masses and to assess the effectiveness of USG in diagnosing various right iliac fossa masses in comparison with CT scan in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy. Methods: The study was conducted on 35 patients presenting with right iliac fossa mass who were stable enough to undergo USG followed by CT scan. The time gap between these studies had kept to minimum to make the studies comparable. USG and CT scan was performed by 2 expert radiologists, who had been blinded of each other findings. Results: More than 50% cases were related to appendicular pathology. Ultrasound abdomen had a sensitivity and specificity of 88.9% and 94.11% in diagnosis of appendicular mass, 71.42% and 96.42% in diagnosis of appendicular abscess, 66.7% and 96.6% in diagnosis of ileo-caecal tuberculosis, 50% and 100% in diagnosis of carcinoma caecum respectively as compared to CT scan. Conclusions: USG is the most easily available bed side investigation and excellent screening test for RIF mass. However, CECT whole abdomen remains the gold standard investigation for etiological diagnosis of RIF mass

Caspase 3-mediated proteolysis of the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the human erythroid anion exchanger 1 (band 3)

The N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the anion exchanger 1 (AE1 or band 3) of the human erythrocyte associates with peripheral membrane proteins to regulate membrane-cytoskeleton interactions, with glycolytic enzymes such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase, with the protein-tyrosine kinase p72syk, with hemoglobin and with hemichromes. We have demonstrated that the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (CDB3) is a substrate of the apoptosis executioner caspase 3 (1). CDB3 has two non-conventional caspase 3 cleavage sites, TATD45 and EQGD205 (2). In vitro treatment of recombinant CDB3 with caspase 3 generated two fragments, which could be blocked by pretreatment with the caspase 3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk (3). Recombinant CDB3 in which the caspase 3 cleavage sites Asp45 and Asp205 were mutated, was resistant to proteolysis (4). Proteolytically derived fragments crossreactive with polyclonal anti-band 3 antibody appeared with simultaneous cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and procaspase 3 in staurosporine (STS)-treated HEK293 cells transiently transfected with CDB3 (5). In vivo cleavage of CDB3 could be blocked by pretreatment of cells with Z-DEVD-fmk or in cells transfected with mutant CDB3 (D45A, D205A) (6). Co-transfection experiments showed that STS-mediated cleavage of CDB3 diminished its interaction with the N-terminal domain of protein 4.2, confirming that such cleavage interferes with the interaction of CDB3 with cytoskeletal proteins (7). Active caspase 3 was observed in aged red cells but not in young cells. This red cell caspase 3 could cleave band 3 present in inside-out vesicles prepared from young erythrocytes arguing in favor of a physiological role of caspase 3 in aged erythrocytes

Toll-like receptor 2 and mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 are effectors of Mycobacterium avium-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages

Understanding how pathogenic mycobacteria subvert the protective immune response is crucial to the development of strategies aimed at controlling mycobacterial infections. Prostaglandin E2 exerts an immunosuppressive function in the context of mycobacterial infection. Because cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, there is a need to delineate the mechanisms through which pathogenic mycobacteria regulate COX-2 expression in macrophages. Our studies demonstrate that the NF-κB and CRE elements of the COX-2 promoter are critical to Mycobacterium avium-induced COX-2 gene expression. M. avium-triggered signaling originates at the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Ras associates with TLR2 and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)/transforming growth factor β -activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent signaling activates p38 MAPK. Both ERK and p38 MAPK activation converge to regulate the activation of mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1). MSK1 mediates the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB accounting for its stimulatory effect on CRE-dependent gene expression. M. avium-triggered cytoplasmic NF-κB activation following IκB phosphorylation is necessary but not sufficient for COX-2 promoter-driven gene expression. MSK1 activation is also essential for M. avium-triggered NF-κB-dependent gene expression, presumably mediating nucleosomal modifications. These studies demonstrate that the nuclear kinase MSK1 is necessary in regulating the pathogen-driven expression of a gene by controlling two transcription factors. The attenuation of MSK1 may therefore have potential benefit in restricting survival of pathogenic mycobacteria in macrophages

Challenges of Anaesthetic Management in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Post COVID Rhino Orbital Cerebral Mucormycosis Patients

Introduction Mucormycosis is a potentially lethal opportunistic, angioinvasive fungal infection with rapid progression and high mortality and predisposed by diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid other immunosuppressive drugs, haematological malignancies, haematological stem cell transplantation, solid organ transplantation and iron overdose. The aim of our study is to consider the challenge in providing anaesthesia in endoscopic sinus surgery for rhino orbital cerebral mucormycosis in post COVID patient. Materials and Methods A total of 20 patients after being COVID negative, posted for endoscopic debridement of paranasal sinuses and also of orbital contents were analysed with respect to outcome after surgery considering the comorbidities of the patients and toxic effect of antifungal drug. Patients’ comorbidities were optimised through preoperative evaluation prior to surgery. Adequate monitoring of haemodynamic status during intraoperative period and optimum anaesthetic management was provided in endoscopic sinus surgery. The patients were managed in recovery room in post operative period and their outcome was reviewed. Results Our patients posed 3 challenges: a) difficult airway in view of palatal perforation b) long standing diabetes mellitus with associated metabolic complications c) administration of amphotericin B could interact with anaesthetic agents and produced adverse outcome. After surgery mortality was experienced in 10% of cases. Conclusion Awareness of warning symptoms and signs, a high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and initiation of full dose of liposomal Amphotericin B and meticulous surgical management may help to optimise the outcome of ROCM in the setting of COVID 19 infection