Ontogeny of electric organ and electric organ discharge in Campylomormyrus rhynchophorus (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

The aim of this study was a longitudinal description of the ontogeny of the adult electric organ of Campylomormyrus rhynchophorus which produces as adult an electric organ discharge of very long duration (ca. 25 ms). We could indeed show (for the first time in a mormyrid fish) that the electric organ discharge which is first produced early during ontogeny in 33-mm-long juveniles is much shorter in duration and has a different shape than the electric organ discharge in 15-cm-long adults. The change from this juvenile electric organ discharges into the adult electric organ discharge takes at least a year. The increase in electric organ discharge duration could be causally linked to the development of surface evaginations, papillae, at the rostral face of the electrocyte which are recognizable for the first time in 65-mm-long juveniles and are most prominent at the periphery of the electrocyte.Leibniz-Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664Peer Reviewe

Governance of Incomes from the Inland Fishing Industry in the Republic of Congo: Analysis by the Catfish Value Chain, Clarias Gabonensis, from the Lac Télé Community Reserve

The results of this study conducted between July and November 2019 have identified that a Clarias gabonensis value chain in the North part of Congo is principally dominated by men with regards to fishing activities and women with regard to the marketing of fish products harvested from the Lac T l Community Reserve LTCR to the cities of Impfondo Pokola and Oyo Both the fishing and the marketing are practiced by all age groups in the reserve and others localities Among fishermen 20 40 are over 55 years old and 69 60 are between 18 and 54 years old 34 69 have no education 38 77 have a primary level of education and 26 53 have a secondary level of education In comparison wholesalers and retailers have mainly a basic educational level 30 of the workforce is over 50 and over 70 have more than 10 years of experience in the business The absence of institutional investment in this value chain is demonstrated by the importance of internal investment resulting in dependence between the actor

A collection of fishes from tributaries of the lower Kouilou, Noumbi and smaller coastal basin systems, Republic of the Congo, Lower Guinea, west-central Africa

A list of fishes is reported from right bank tributaries of the lower Kouilou River, left bank tributaries of the Noumbi River, and a series of independent coastal catchments near Madingo-Kayes in the Kouilou Province of the Republic of Congo. Thirty-two sites were sampled in a variety of aquatic habitats in the wet and dry seasons of 2012. Fifty-five fish species distributed in 29 families were collected, three of which represent putatively undescribed species. The most diverse families in the study region were the Cichlidae and the Mormyridae. This paper provides a comparison and update to earlier species lists reported for the general area and offers a baseline that may be used as a point of departure for future ichthyological assessments

Fishes of the Du Chaillu Massif, Niari Depression, and Mayombe Massif (Republic of Congo, west-central Africa): a list of species collected in tributaries of the upper Ogowe and middle and upper Kouilou-Niari River basins

A list of fishes collected in rivers of the Du Chaillu Massif, Niari Depression, and Mayombe Massif in the Republic of Congo is provided. Few previous collections have been made and the region is poorly known ichthyologically, however several large mining projects are under development while logging and artisanal gold mining is already underway. One hundred and two species distributed in 22 families are reported, and 11 of these represent putatively new species. The high number of undescribed species recorded in the present study serves to highlight the importance of efforts to fully document the region’s ichthyofauna prior to the realization of major infrastructure projects that will undoubtedly impact aquatic habitats

Micralestes schelly Stiassny & Mamonekene, 2007, new species

Micralestes schelly, new species (Figs 1 F, 2 D, 3–6) Holotype (Fig. 5 B) AMNH 240662, male, 40.1 mm SL; Democratic Republic of Congo, Bas Congo Province, Congo River main channel near Inga at point 50 (5 ° 31.69 S 13 ° 36.47 E), R.C. Schelly et al., 26 Sept. 2002. Paratypes (Fig. 1 F, 5 B), with same data as holotype. AMNH 239518, 33.9 – 48.9 mm SL (24 alcoholic, 5 cleared and stained), MRAC 2007 - 26 -P- 1-2, 36.5 – 39.0 mm SL (2 alcoholic), MNHN 2007 - 1629, 35.3 – 40.1 mm SL (2 alcoholic), ZSM 33982, 39.0 – 44.2 mm SL (2 alcoholic), MCZ 166773, 34.6 – 36.5 mm SL (2 alcoholic), CU 93431, 36.9 – 40.0 mm SL (2 alcoholic). Diagnosis. A member of a clade of small alestid fishes characterized by the combination of the absence of a supraorbital bone, and the presence of a deep-lying midlateral stripe extending along the body onto the caudal peduncle, a band of chromatophores above the anal fin, and a small pair of inner row symphyseal teeth on the dentary. Micralestes schelly is distinguished from all putative congeners in having an elevated vertebral count of 38 – 40 (mean 39) versus 34 – 36 (mean 35) vertebrae. Additionally the species is characterized by the presence of 4–6 outer row premaxillary teeth with a majority of specimens (23 of 40) with only four outer row teeth implanted in an alternating pattern with respect to the anterior inner row premaxillary teeth. Mature males are further diagnosed by live coloration, which is dominated by a broad, blue-green iridescent midlateral band extending from behind the opercle to the base of the caudal fin, and by a marked expansion of the band of black chromatophores above the anal fin. Description. Based on the holotype and 39 paratypes. See Figs. 5 and 6 for general appearance, and Table 1 for summary of morphometric and meristic data. Diminutive species, maximum observed size 48.9 mm SL. Relatively deep bodied, somewhat laterally compressed with greatest body depth at, or a little in front of, dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile more-or-less smoothly convex to caudal peduncle, less strongly so in mature males; ventral profile markedly convex to anal-fin insertion. Caudal peduncle slightly longer than deep. Mouth terminal, gape not reaching beyond level of anterior margin of eye. Eye moderately large, flanked by adipose membrane extending over snout to level of nostril and posterodorsally over postorbital region. Nostril large and prominent; nasal and antorbital bones greatly reduced in size (Fig. 2 D). Teeth. Stout tri- or quadri-cuspid teeth in outer row on premaxillae variable in number; majority of individual have two teeth on either premaxilla (23 of 40 specimens), 13 specimens have two teeth on one side and three teeth contralaterally, and four specimens have three teeth on both premaxillae. When only two teeth are present each is positioned opposite interspaces between and alternating with, anterior inner row teeth (Fig. 3 A). Four inner row teeth on each premaxilla, most with one large central cusp and two or three minor cusps on either side, symphyseal teeth often with single minor cusp on medial face. Four outer row teeth on contralateral dentaries, each with large central cusp and two or three minor cusps on either side. A single pair of small, conically recurved, symphyseal inner row teeth on lower jaw invariably present (Fig. 3 B). Fins. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 6–7 (total rays, 8–9), anal-fin rays iii, 16–17 (total rays 19–20). Origin of dorsal fin at, or slightly behind, vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Marked sexual dimorphism in morphology of anal fin (see Figs. 4, 5). However, unlike condition in Rhabdalestes, Hemigrammopetersius and Virilia (Stiassny and Schaefer, 2005; Zanata and Vari, 2005) there is no posterior curvature or hypertrophy of third unbranched anterior ray of mature males (Fig. 4 C). Squamation. Scales in longitudinal series 26–28 (mean 27) to caudal fin flexure, 1–3 smaller scales continuing over caudal fin base, 4.5 transverse scales between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin, 2.5 transverse scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion. Lateral line complete, with 25–29 canal-bearing scales to point of hypural flexure, 2–4 smaller pored scales continuing over caudal-fin base. Total number of gill rakers on first gill arch 18–22 (mean 19). Total number of vertebrae 38–40 (mean 39). Color in alcohol. Base body coloration yellowish brown dorsally and laterally, yellow-orange ventrally. A darkly pigmented, deep-lying midlateral stripe extends from posterior margin of opercle to base of caudal fin. Well-marked band of dark melanophores present above anal fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins pale yellow. Adipose fin tipped in black. Dorsal and caudal fins somewhat dusky. Anal fin of females dusky proximally, in males pigmentation is somewhat expanded distally in posterior portion of fin. Color in life. Recently two male specimens have been collected from the type locality and live coloration recorded (Fig. 6). In life a broad, blue-green iridescent midlateral band covers the lateral flanks and tail from behind the opercle to the base of the caudal fin. This iridescent band overlies and obscures the deep lying midlateral stripe evident in preserved specimens (Fig. 5). Above and below the midlateral band the body is silvery white. Numerous melanophores are present on the head and opercle, and scattered over the body with a concentration around lateral scale margins. An expanded band of black melanophores reaching to the lateral line is present above anal fin. Dorsal fin and pectoral fins are dusky gray; adipose fin is pale gray with a dark distal margin. Caudal fin is dusky gray at its base with a median dark band extending to mid-fork, distally the fin is dusky gray and medially each fin fork is deep crimson red. Anterior and distal margins of the anal fin are white, while the remainder of the fin is jet black. Pelvic fins are white. Iris is silvery white with a small red patch dorsally. Unfortunately no female specimens were collected during a recent site visit and female life coloration remains unknown. Geographical distribution. Known only from the type locality in Bas Congo Province, at Point 50 on the Congo River main channel near Inga, Democratic Republic of Congo (5 ° 31.69 ’S 13 ° 36.47 E). Specimens were collected with cast nets in a complex, partially protected riffle habitat adjacent to rapids (Fig. 7). A smallunnamed stream enters the Congo River at this point and supports a patch of forest in the draw between two steep, mostly-bare hills. Micralestes schelly was collected over a sand and gravel substrate in the main channel amongst large rock slabs of up to 4 m high thrusting upward at angles of 60–70 degrees, in pools up to 2 m in depth. At this site water depth and flow is highly variable due to water surges every 5–10 minutes resulting in depth fluctuations in excess of half a meter. Etymology. Named for our colleague and the intrepid collector of the type series, Robert C. Schelly. Discussion. Recent collections in the region allow us to document the presence of six Micralestes in the stretch of the lower Congo River from Pool Malebo to Boma near the river’s mouth, and as an aid for field identification we provide here an illustrated key to those species. 1 A Teeth with numerous small cusps, first inner row premaxillary tooth with 10–12 cusps (Key Fig. 1 A). Inner row tooth pair on dentary usually multicuspid (Key Fig. 3 A). Dorsal fin with distinctive black apical patch (Key Fig. 2 A).................................................................................................................. M. acutidens 1 B Teeth with fewer cusps, first inner row premaxillary tooth with 6–8 cusps (Key Fig. 1 B). Inner row tooth pair on dentary invariably unicuspid (Key Fig. 3 B). Dorsal fin without black apical patch (Key Fig. 2 B)................................................................................................................................................................ 2 2 A 23–28 scales in longitudinal series from opercle to point of caudal flexure (Key Fig. 2 A)........................ 3Published as part of Stiassny, Melanie L. J. & Mamonekene, Victor, 2007, Micralestes (Characiformes, Alestidae) of the lower Congo River, with a description of a new species endemic to the lower Congo River rapids in the Democratic Republic of Congo, pp. 17-29 in Zootaxa 1614 on pages 21-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17905

FIGURE 2 in A new small barb (Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) from the Louesse, Lekoumou (upper Niari basin), and Djoulou (upper Ogowe basin) rivers in the Republic of Congo, west-central Africa

FIGURE 2. Enteromius walshae, new species: A, AMNH 266856, holotype (female) in preservation; B, individual from the same population in life. C, AMNH 266858, paratype (male) in preservation; D, individual from same population in life; E, digestive tract, after removal of liver and adherent tissues (approximately to scale).Published as part of <i>Mamonekene, Victor, Zamba, Armel Ibala & Stiassny, Melanie L.J., 2018, A new small barb (Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) from the Louesse, Lekoumou (upper Niari basin), and Djoulou (upper Ogowe basin) rivers in the Republic of Congo, west-central Africa, pp. 1-16 in American Museum Novitates 2018 (3917)</i> on page 7, DOI: 10.1206/3917.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10110858">http://zenodo.org/record/10110858</a&gt

FIGURE 3 in A new small barb (Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) from the Louesse, Lekoumou (upper Niari basin), and Djoulou (upper Ogowe basin) rivers in the Republic of Congo, west-central Africa

FIGURE 3. Isolated infraorbital series: A, E. walshae (AMNH 266860); B, E. camptacanthus (AMNH 256416); C, E. jae (AMNH 253857). Anterior vertebrae, dorsal fin, and associated supraneural elements; D, E. walshae (AMNH 266862); E, E. catenarius (AMNH 266868).Published as part of <i>Mamonekene, Victor, Zamba, Armel Ibala & Stiassny, Melanie L.J., 2018, A new small barb (Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) from the Louesse, Lekoumou (upper Niari basin), and Djoulou (upper Ogowe basin) rivers in the Republic of Congo, west-central Africa, pp. 1-16 in American Museum Novitates 2018 (3917)</i> on page 9, DOI: 10.1206/3917.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10110858">http://zenodo.org/record/10110858</a&gt

FIGURE 4. A in A new small barb (Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) from the Louesse, Lekoumou (upper Niari basin), and Djoulou (upper Ogowe basin) rivers in the Republic of Congo, west-central Africa

FIGURE 4. A, Known distributional range of Enteromius walshae; yellow stars indicate collection sites and red star indicates collection locality of holotype (AMNH 266856). B, Type locality of holotype, in a small tributary of the Mandoro River (upper Louesse River basin).Published as part of <i>Mamonekene, Victor, Zamba, Armel Ibala & Stiassny, Melanie L.J., 2018, A new small barb (Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) from the Louesse, Lekoumou (upper Niari basin), and Djoulou (upper Ogowe basin) rivers in the Republic of Congo, west-central Africa, pp. 1-16 in American Museum Novitates 2018 (3917)</i> on page 10, DOI: 10.1206/3917.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10110858">http://zenodo.org/record/10110858</a&gt

FIGURE 1 in A new small barb (Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) from the Louesse, Lekoumou (upper Niari basin), and Djoulou (upper Ogowe basin) rivers in the Republic of Congo, west-central Africa

FIGURE 1. Enteromius species sampled (table 1), photographed immediately postmortem or in preservation: A, kuiluensis; B, martorelli; C, prionacanthus; D, rouxi, E, rubrostigma; F, trispilomimus; G, walshae new species; H, nigroluteus; I, brichardi; J, camptacanthus; K, chiumbeensis; L, diamounanganai; M, guirali; N, holotaenia; O, jae; P, catenarius; Q, castrasibutum. No tissues are currently available for E. catenarius. Photograph of E. castrasibutum courtesy of Jon Armbruster.Published as part of <i>Mamonekene, Victor, Zamba, Armel Ibala & Stiassny, Melanie L.J., 2018, A new small barb (Cyprininae: Smiliogastrini) from the Louesse, Lekoumou (upper Niari basin), and Djoulou (upper Ogowe basin) rivers in the Republic of Congo, west-central Africa, pp. 1-16 in American Museum Novitates 2018 (3917)</i> on page 5, DOI: 10.1206/3917.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10110858">http://zenodo.org/record/10110858</a&gt

Morphological variation in Monopeltis guentheri from forest habitat in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae)

Sixty-four Monopeltis guentheri were collected in a small patch of remnant forest within the city of Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, and were measured for morphological characters traditionally used to classify five species of Central and West Africa