An Overview of Spark Ignition Engine Operating on Lower-Higher Molecular Mass Alcohol Blended Gasoline Fuels

This paper reviews the utilization of lower and higher molecular weight alcohols as fuel for spark ignition engine. As an alternative fuel for spark ignition engine, alcohol is widely accepted as comparable to gasolin. It is due to its ability that can be produced from biological matter through the current available and new processes. Moreover, alcohol is also considered as fuel additive due to its physical and chemical properties compatible with the requirements of modern engines. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of these fuels by highlighting on the fuel properties and spark ignition engine responses. The first part of this review explains the important of alcohol fuel properties related to the engine performance and emissions, and the difference of these properties for each type of alcohol. The second part discusses recent advancements in research involving lower and higher molecular weight alcohols mainly responses from spark ignition engine

Pembuatan Bahan Dielektrika Eksponensial Antena Dwitunggal Unidireksional 100 Mhz Keatas dengan Vswr 1,5 untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Komunikasi Data

Penggunaan bahan dielektrik sangat berperan untuk meningkatkan kinerja antena dalam upaya untuk menunjang komunikasi data. Bahan dielektrik yang dipakai untuk kegunaan ini biasanya tidak datar diisi satu bahan saja, tetapi merupakan kombinasi dari beberapa bahan dielektrik. Beberapa penelitian telah berhasil dikembangkan bahan dielektrika dan paduan lainnya untuk penyekat konduktor dalam pengembangan antena Dwitunggal dan antena Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, yaitu antena baru berpita lebar. Khusus untuk antena Dwitunggal Ultra lebar telah pernah dikembangkan bahan dielektrika eksponensiel-diskrit. Untuk kesempatan kali ini akan dibuat dielektrika yang mempunyai impedansi intrisik gradual dan mempunyai impedansi yang berubah secara eksponensial

An efficient and effective case classification method based on slicing

One of the most important tasks that we have to face in real world applications is the task of classifying particular situations and /or events as belonging to a certain class. In order to solve the classification problem, accurate classifier systems or models must be built. Several computational intelligence methodologies have been applied to construct such a classifier from particular cases or data. This paper introduces a new classification method based on slicing techniques that was proposed for procedural programming languages. The paper also discusses two of common classification algorithms that are used either in data mining or in general AI. The algorithms are: Induction of Decision Tree Algorithm (ID3) and Base Learning Algorithm (C4.5). The paper also studies the comparison between the proposed method and the two selected classification algorithms using several domains

Multiphase scalable grid scheduler based on multi-QoS using min-min heuristic.

In scheduling, the main factor that affects searching speed and mapping performance is the number of resources orthe size of search space. In grid computing, the scheduler performance plays an essential role in the overall performance.So, it is obvious the need for scalable scheduler that can manage the growing in resources (i.e. scalable). With the assumption that each resource has its own specifications and each job has its own requirements; then searching the whole search space (all the resources) can waste plenty of scheduling time. In this paper, we propose a two-phase scheduler that uses min-min algorithm to speed up the mapping time with almost the same efficiency. The scheduler is also based on the assumption that the resources in grid computing can be classified into clusters. The scheduler tries first to schedule the jobs to the suitable cluster (i.e. first phase)and then each cluster schedule the incoming jobs to the suitable resources (i.e. second phase). The scheduler is based on multidimensional QoS to enhance the mapping as much as it can.The simulation results show that the use of two-phase strategy can support the scalable scheduler

An experimental evaluation of case slicing as a new classification technique

Several classification techniques are designed to discover such classifications when the classifications are unknown. The techniques are tested and evaluated, however, by matching the classifications they recover against expected classifications. Several such techniques may be compared by experimentally evaluating their performance on the same datasets. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the case slicing technique as a new classification technique. The paper achieves this goal in three steps: Firstly, it introduces the case slicing technique as a new approach. Secondly, the paper presents applications of this technique on several datasets. Lastly, it compares the proposed approach with other selected approaches such as the K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN), Base Learning Algorithm (C4.5) and Naïve Bayes classifier (NB) in solving the classification problems. The results obtained shows that the proposed approach is a promising method in solving decision-making problem

Evaluating The Performance Of Unconfined Compressive Strength Of Trong Clay Stabilized With Granite Sludge

This research paper aims to evaluate the potential usability of granite sludge as a stabilizer of Trong clay based on compressive strength. There are eight mixture combination between the clay and the stabilizer with ratios of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 wt% granite sludge. The value of shear strength is obtained through unconfined compression tests performed in the laboratory. The research found that the performance of unconfined compressive strength increased with the percentage of stabilizer. Sample S7 which contains 7% granite sludge is found to yield the highest unconfined compressive strength of 585kN/m2. This is 187% higher than unstrengthened sample. This study found that, the compressive strength improved with increased granite sludge content in the soil mixture.

Performance and Emission Parameters of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Castor Oil Bio-Diesel Blended Fuels

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance and emission parameters of a CI single cylinder diesel engine operating on biodiesel-diesel blends (B0, B5, B10, B15 and E20: 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel by volume). A reactor was designed, fabricated and evaluated for biodiesel production. The results showed that increasing the biodiesel content in the blend fuel will increase the performance parameters and decrease the emission parameters. Maximum power was detected for B0 at 2650 rpm and maximum torque was belonged to B20 at 1600 rpm. The experimental results revealed that using biodiesel-diesel blended fuels increased the power and torque output of the engine. For biodiesel blends it was found that the specific fuel consumption (sfc) was decreased. B10 had the minimum amount for sfc. The concentration of CO2 and HC emissions in the exhaust pipe were measured and found to be decreased when biodiesel blends were introduced. This was due to the high oxygen percentage in the biodiesel compared to the net diesel fuel. In contrast, the concentration of CO and NOx was found to be increased when biodiesel is introduced

Reduced graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid film with low Pt loading as counter electrode for improved photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitised solar cells

In this work, the role of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with hyperbranched surfactant and its hybridisation with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) as counter electrode (CE) were investigated to determine the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs). Sodium 1,4-is(neopentyloxy)-3-(neopentyloxycarbonyl)- 1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulphonate (TC14) surfactant was utilised as dispersing and stabilising agent in electrochemical exfoliation to synthesise graphene oxide (GO) as initial solution for rGO production prior to its further hybridisation and fabrication as thin film. A chemical reduction process utilising hydrazine hydrate was conducted to produce rGO due to the low temperature process and water-based GO solution. Subsequently, hybrid solution was prepared by mixing 1 wt% MWCNTs into the produced rGO solution. TC14-rGO and TC14-rGO_MWCNTs hybrid solution were transferred into fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate to fabricate thin film by spraying deposition method. Finally, the CE films were prepared by coating with thin Pt NPs. Photoanode film was prepared by a two-step process: hydrothermal growth method to synthesise titanium dioxide nanowires (TiO2 NWs) and subsequent squeegee method to apply TiO2 NPs. According to solar simulator measurement, the highest energy conversion efficiency (η) was achieved by using CE-based TC14-rGO_MWCNTs/Pt (1.553%), with the highest short current density of 4.424 mA/cm2. The highest η was due to the high conductivity of CE hybrid film and the morphology of fabricated TiO2 NWs/TiO2 NPs. Consequently, the dye adsorption was high, and the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs was increased. This result also showed that rGO and rGO_MWCNTs hybrid can be used as considerable potential candidate materials to replace Pt gradually

Improving the cuttings transport performance of water-based mud through the use of polypropylene beads

This research work presents the experimental results of the effect of polypropylene beads’ concentrations in water-based mud on wellbore cleaning. A comparative study of cuttings transport performance (CTP) of water-based mud and water-based mud with polypropylene beads were carried out at different hole angles of 0°, 30°, 60°. 75° and 90° in a 13 ft (3.96 m) acrylic concentric annulus flow test section, having a 2 in (50.8 mm) casing ID and a fixed 0.79 in (20 mm) inner pipe OD. A total of 100 runs had been accomplished using fine sands (from Tanjung Balau, Johor Bahru, Malaysia), of size ranging from 5/127 - 6/127" (1.0 – 1.2 mm) and density 2.4 g/cc (2400 kg/m3), with the mud density and viscosity maintained at 9 ppg (1078 kg/m3) and 5 cp (0.005 Pa.s), respectively, in a flow velocity of 2.1 ft/s (0.64 m/s). Polypropylene beads used in this study have the following properties: 290 kg/cm2 of tensile strength at yield, 0.86 g/cc (860 kg/m3) density, 4 mm (20/127") size, 82 R scale Rockwell hardness, 13,500 kg/cm2 flexural modulus, 85°C heat deflection temperature at 4.6 kg/cm2, 4 g/10 min melt flow rate at 230°C and spherical in shape. The experimental findings showed that commingling the basic mud with polypropylene beads has successfully introduced a buoyant force which was found to have improved the cuttings transport performance by more than 10% when weight concentration of the polypropylene beads was increased to 1.5% as compared with the performance obtained from the basic water-based mud. The improvement of cuttings transport performance was found to be more significant in a vertical hole