Ion-acoustic shocks with reflected ions: modeling and PIC simulations

Non-relativistic collisionless shock waves are widespread in space and astrophysical plasmas and are known as efficient particle accelerators. However, our understanding of collisionless shocks, including their structure and the mechanisms whereby they accelerate particles remains incomplete. We present here the results of numerical modeling of an ion-acoustic collisionless shock based on one-dimensional (1D) kinetic approximation both for electrons and ions with a real mass ratio. Special emphasis is made on the shock-reflected ions as the main driver of shock dissipation. The reflection efficiency, velocity distribution of reflected particles and the shock electrostatic structure are studied in terms of the shock parameters. Applications to particle acceleration in geophysical and astrophysical shocks are discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, International Workshop "Complex Plasma Phenomena in the Laboratory and in the Universe", January 19-20, 2015, Rome, Ital

Hadronic Gamma Rays from Supernova Remnants

A gas cloud near a supernova remnant (SNR) provides a target for pp-collisions leading to subsequent gamma-ray emission through neutral pion decay. The assumption of a power-law ambient spectrum of accelerated particles with index near -2 is usually built into models predicting the spectra of very-high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission from SNRs. However, if the gas cloud is located at some distance from the SNR shock, this assumption is not necessarily correct. In this case, the particles which interact with the cloud are those leaking from the shock and their spectrum is approximately monoenergetic with the injection energy gradually decreasing as the SNR ages. In the GLAST energy range the gamma-ray spectrum resulting from particle interactions with the gas cloud will be flatter than expected, with the cutoff defined by the pion momentum distribution in the laboratory frame. We evaluate the flux of particles escaping from a SNR shock and apply the results to the VHE diffuse emission detected by the HESS at the Galactic centre.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Contribution to the 30th ICRC, Merida, Mexico, 2007 (final version

On the mechanism for breaks in the cosmic ray spectrum

The proof of cosmic ray (CR) origin in supernova remnants (SNR) must hinge on full consistency of the CR acceleration theory with the observations; direct proof is impossible because of the orbit stochasticity of CR particles. Recent observations of a number of galactic SNR strongly support the SNR-CR connection in general and the Fermi mechanism of CR acceleration, in particular. However, many SNR expand into weakly ionized dense gases, and so a significant revision of the mechanism is required to fit the data. We argue that strong ion-neutral collisions in the remnant surrounding lead to the steepening of the energy spectrum of accelerated particles by \emph{exactly one power}. The spectral break is caused by a partial evanescence of Alfven waves that confine particles to the accelerator. The gamma-ray spectrum generated in collisions of the accelerated protons with the ambient gas is also calculated. Using the recent Fermi spacecraft observation of the SNR W44 as an example, we demonstrate that the parent proton spectrum is a classical test particle power law $\propto E^{-2}$, steepening to $E^{-3}$ at $E_{br}\approx7GeV$.Comment: APS talk to appear in PoP, 4 figure

Experimental comparison of 2-methylimidazole nitration by nitric acid and nitrate salts of alkali metals

The processes of nitration of 2-methylimidazole to produce 2-methyl-4(5)-nitroimidazole are considered in this paper. The processes of nitration by mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids and nitrate salts of alkali metals were compared. It was found the nitration of nitrate salts of alkali metal proceeds smoother. The yield of the desired product 2-methyl-4(5)-nitroimidazole was 85 % and 95% in case of nitric acid and nitrate salt.</jats:p

Study of Physical Properties and Physical Processes in Nano-thin Spatial Dissipative Structures

Two-dimensional geometric object "neutral surface"- successfully used to study thin plates. The use of this two-dimensional geometric object is not possible for the study of physical properties and physical processes in nano-thin SDS (spatial dissipative structures). The SDS lattice undergoes a rotational curvature around three mutually perpendicular directions, and the nano-thin SDS itself remains flat. We have developed a method for the study of nano-thin SDS with rotary lattice curvature. We used as a basis the method of visualizing the rotational curvature of the lattice by constructing a two-dimensional geometric object - the surface of the lattice curvature by nano-thin SDS. This method of investigation involves application of the lattice curvature surface with nano-thin SDS for the selected crystallographic direction as a "neutral surface". The method will find application in nanotechnology. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Aperiodic Schrodinger Crystals

In 1945, E. Schrödinger predicted the possibility of the existence of "aperiodic crystals,"that is, more and more increasing crystalline aggregates, but without a simple lattice repetition mechanism. In the present work, such structures are experimentally prepared using selenium as an example. By thermal gradient treatment of the amorphous selenium film, we have obtained nano-thin spatial dissipative structures (SDS) of hexagonal selenium, the lattice of which undergoes non-uniform rotational curvature around, in the general case, three mutually perpendicular directions. The formation of these nano-thin SDS of hexagonal selenium occurs as a result of cooperative rotations of selenium macromolecules around, in general, three mutually perpendicular directions. Since nano-thin SDS after hardening in air have all the features of crystals each of the above nano-thin SDS of hexagonal selenium obtained at different annealing temperatures corresponds to the concept of "aperiodic crystals"Thus, "aperiodic crystals"were obtained experimentally, the possibility of the existence of which was predicted by E. Schrödinger. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Nanofine spatial dissipative structures with azimutal lattice curvation

The nanofine spatial dissipative structures (NSDS) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The NSDS obtained by thermogradiently processing an amorphous selenium film by unilateral heating of its lower surface at T = 413 K preliminarily. The results indicate that the NSDS of hexagonal selenium obtained in an amorphous film possess an azimuthal curvature of the lattice and a nonlinear fan-shaped system of flexural contours on their electron microscopic image. The lattice of the above NSDS undergoes elastic - plastic rotational curvature around three mutually perpendicular directions. The lattice rotation angles of hexagonal selenium NSDS reach: around [001], - 25 , around the direction perpendicular [001] and lying in the plane of the amorphous film - 32 , around the direction perpendicular to the first two ones and not lying in the plane of the amorphous film - azimuthal curvature of the lattice, - 35 . Thus, as a result of electron-microscopic and microdiffraction studies, it was found that NSDS of hexagonal selenium with azimuthal curvature of the lattice, causing the curvature of its habitus, are in a nonequilibrium state. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Phenomenon of relaxation of inhomogeneous elastic rotational curvature of the lattice of nanofine spatial dissipative structures of hexagonal selenium

Nanofine rhomboid spatial dissipative structures (NRSDS) of hexagonal selenium were found and studied by means of transmission electron microscopy in amorphous Se films coated with nanofine layers of amorphous carbon, at a temperature of their thermo gradient treatment of 423 K. As a result, pictures were received of fan-shaped linear bending extinction contours on the electron-microscopic images of NRSDS. It was shown that in the above NRSDS take place continuous linear increase in the bend radius of the lattice along [001], due to continuous linear relaxation of the inhomogeneous elastic torsion of the lattice around [001]. The continuous linear relaxation of the elastic rotational curvature of the lattice around [001] in NRSDS of hexagonal selenium with inhomogeneous elastic rotational curvature of the lattice covers the entire nanofine rhomboid spatial dissipative structures, and not its part, as is the case with the formation of interblock boundaries in the nanofine rhomboid spatial dissipative structures. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd