106 research outputs found

    L’enseignement du texte littĂ©raire Ă  l’aune des soft skills : perspectives didactique et culturelle

    Get PDF
    Le texte littĂ©rature, quoiqu’il soit une fiction, offre une richesse au niveau de l’acquisition des habilitĂ©s considĂ©rĂ©es comme des soft skills, comme la compĂ©tence communicative, la compĂ©tence d’organisation, la compĂ©tence Ă©motionnelle, la crĂ©ativitĂ©, la curiositĂ©, etc. Ces compĂ©tences sont susceptibles de dĂ©velopper une attitude de gestion des problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă  la vie professionnelle et Ă  la vie de tous les jours. Cette richesse offre au texte littĂ©raire un statut et une fonction complĂ©mentaire indĂ©niable par rapport aux supports dits authentiques. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment l’approche culturelle appuyĂ©e par la base thĂ©orique de la linguistique interprĂ©tative peut servir le dĂ©veloppement des soft skills Ă  travers le texte littĂ©raire, et comment ce dĂ©veloppement passe aussi par l’approche articulĂ©e de la comprĂ©hension/production du texte littĂ©raire

    Taxonomic and functional analyses of intact microbial communities thriving in extreme, astrobiology-relevant, anoxic sites

    Full text link
    ArtĂ­culo escrito por un elevado nĂșmero de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboraciĂłn, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMBackground: Extreme terrestrial, analogue environments are widely used models to study the limits of life and to infer habitability of extraterrestrial settings. In contrast to Earth’s ecosystems, potential extraterrestrial biotopes are usually characterized by a lack of oxygen. Methods: In the MASE project (Mars Analogues for Space Exploration), we selected representative anoxic analogue environments (permafrost, salt-mine, acidic lake and river, sulfur springs) for the comprehensive analysis of their microbial communities. We assessed the microbiome profile of intact cells by propidium monoazide-based amplicon and shotgun metagenome sequencing, supplemented with an extensive cultivation effort. Results: The information retrieved from microbiome analyses on the intact microbial community thriving in the MASE sites, together with the isolation of 31 model microorganisms and successful binning of 15 high-quality genomes allowed us to observe principle pathways, which pinpoint specific microbial functions in the MASE sites compared to moderate environments. The microorganisms were characterized by an impressive machinery to withstand physical and chemical pressures. All levels of our analyses revealed the strong and omnipresent dependency of the microbial communities on complex organic matter. Moreover, we identified an extremotolerant cosmopolitan group of 34 poly-extremophiles thriving in all sites. Conclusions: Our results reveal the presence of a core microbiome and microbial taxonomic similarities between saline and acidic anoxic environments. Our work further emphasizes the importance of the environmental, terrestrial parameters for the functionality of a microbial community, but also reveals a high proportion of living microorganisms in extreme environments with a high adaptation potential within habitability borders. Keywords: Extreme environments, Microbiomes, Archaea, Bacteria, Propidium monoazide, Astrobiology, Spaceanalogue, Extremophiles, Extraterrestrial life, Metagenomic

    Facteurs et symptômes de l’épuisement professionnel des téléopérateurs: Analyse descriptive

    Get PDF
    Cet article s’intéresse au concept d’épuisement professionnel, risque psychosocial prédominant dans le domaine de santé psychologique au travail. Notre objectif est de proposer une lecture globale de ce concept et de décrire l'expérience professionnelle de téléopérateurs dont les conditions d'organisation du travail sont douloureuses. Nous avons passé en revue la littérature de l’épuisement professionnel depuis son apparition. Ainsi, le cadre théorique de ce travail a exposé les différentes définitions de référence du burnout, ses symptômes et finalement les modèles conceptuels permettant de l’expliquer. Pour cette analyse descriptive, nous avons retenu le modèle tridimensionnel de l’épuisement professionnel présenté par Maslach et Jackson (1981). La collecte de données s'est faite à partir d'un questionnaire dont les items sont issus d’échelles de mesure validées par la littérature. Notre échantillon est composé de 528 téléopérateurs de Webhelp Agadir. L’analyse descriptive a clairement dévoilée leur état d’épuisement professionnel et a mis en évidence plusieurs facteurs source d’épuisement professionnel de ces travailleurs. Nous citons la surcharge au travail, les exigences émotionnelles, les conflits de valeurs et l’insécurité socioprofessionnelle

    Hibernation impact on the catalytic activities of the mitochondrial D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in liver and brain tissues of jerboa (Jaculus orientalis)

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) is a deep hibernating rodent native to subdesert highlands. During hibernation, a high level of ketone bodies i.e. acetoacetate (AcAc) and D-3-hydroxybutyrate (BOH) are produced in liver, which are used in brain as energetic fuel. These compounds are bioconverted by mitochondrial D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) E.C. 1.1.1.30. Here we report, the function and the expression of BDH in terms of catalytic activities, kinetic parameters, levels of protein and mRNA in both tissues i.e brain and liver, in relation to the hibernating process. RESULTS: We found that: 1/ In euthemic jerboa the specific activity in liver is 2.4- and 6.4- fold higher than in brain, respectively for AcAc reduction and for BOH oxidation. The same differences were found in the hibernation state. 2/ In euthermic jerboa, the Michaelis constants, K(M )BOH and K(M )NAD(+ )are different in liver and in brain while K(M )AcAc, K(M )NADH and the dissociation constants, K(D )NAD(+)and K(D )NADH are similar. 3/ During prehibernating state, as compared to euthermic state, the liver BDH activity is reduced by half, while kinetic constants are strongly increased except K(D )NAD(+). 4/ During hibernating state, BDH activity is significantly enhanced, moreover, kinetic constants (K(M )and K(D)) are strongly modified as compared to the euthermic state; i.e. K(D )NAD(+ )in liver and K(M )AcAc in brain decrease 5 and 3 times respectively, while K(D )NADH in brain strongly increases up to 5.6 fold. 5/ Both protein content and mRNA level of BDH remain unchanged during the cold adaptation process. CONCLUSIONS: These results cumulatively explained and are consistent with the existence of two BDH enzymatic forms in the liver and the brain. The apoenzyme would be subjected to differential conformational folding depending on the hibernation state. This regulation could be a result of either post-translational modifications and/or a modification of the mitochondrial membrane state, taking into account that BDH activity is phospholipid-dependent

    Altérations mitochondriales et processus inflammatoire dans la déficience en acyl- Coenzyme A oxydase 1 peroxysomale

    Get PDF
    L acyl-CoA oxydase 1 (ACOX1) est l enzyme qui catalyse la premiĂšre Ă©tape de la voie classique de la b-oxydation peroxysomale. Cette voie catabolise exclusivement les acides gras Ă  trĂšs longue chaĂźne (AGTLC). Chez l homme, la dĂ©ficience en ACOX1 est Ă  l origine de la pseudo adrĂ©noleucodystrophie nĂ©onatale (P-NALD), une maladie neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative rare caractĂ©risĂ©e par une accumulation des AGTLC dans le plasma et les tissus, une hĂ©patomĂ©galie, un retard du dĂ©veloppement moteur et une dĂ©myĂ©linisation de la matiĂšre blanche cĂ©rĂ©brale. Chez la souris, l extinction du gĂšne Acox1 provoque une accumulation des AGTLC dans le plasma, un retard de croissance, une stĂ©atose hĂ©patique et le dĂ©veloppement d une hĂ©patocarcinogenĂšse avec l Ăąge. Cependant, ces souris ne dĂ©veloppent pas de symptĂŽmes cĂ©rĂ©braux contrairement aux patients P NALD. Au cours de ce travail, on a pu montrer sur des fibroblastes issus de patients atteints de P NALD qu en absence d activitĂ© ACOX1, les peroxysomes sont diminuĂ©s en nombre et augmentĂ©s en taille avec un niveau de b-oxydation peroxysomale fortement rĂ©duit. L accumulation des AGTLC suite Ă  la dĂ©ficience en ACOX1 dans ces cellules provoque, au niveau transcriptionnel, la perturbation de la voie de synthĂšse du cholestĂ©rol et dĂ©clenche une rĂ©action inflammatoire caractĂ©risĂ©e par l activation de la voie de l IL-1 et la sĂ©crĂ©tion d IL-6 et d IL-8. Le rĂŽle mĂ©tabolique important que joue l ACOX1 dans l homĂ©ostasie Ă©nergĂ©tique cellulaire a pu ĂȘtre soulignĂ© chez l homme et chez la souris. En effet, la dĂ©ficience en ACOX1 dans les fibroblastes de patients P-NALD perturbe la morphologie de la mitochondrie qui apparaĂźt anormale ainsi que le mĂ©tabolisme Ă©nergĂ©tique mitochondrial caractĂ©risĂ© par une inhibition de PGC-1a par acĂ©tylation, une surexpression de l activitĂ© du complexe V et une diminution du taux d ATP mitochondrial. L absence dans le foie de l activitĂ© ACOX1, chez la souris Acox1-/-, se traduit par des perturbations, au niveau mitochondrial, dela biogenĂšse et du mĂ©tabolisme Ă©nergĂ©tique. Ces perturbations mitochondriales se caractĂ©risent par une diminution de l activitĂ© du complexe IV de la chaĂźne respiratoire accompagnĂ©e d une diminution de la respiration. Cependant, ces perturbations n affectent pas le taux d ATP total. Les altĂ©rations mitochondriales observĂ©es chez les souris Acox1-/- sont en grande partie corrigĂ©es par l expression de l ACOX1 humaine. Ceci montre le rĂŽle indispensable de l ACOX1 dans l homĂ©ostasie de la fonction mitochondriale.L ensemble des rĂ©sultats obtenus au cours de ce travail confirme l importance de l activitĂ© acyl-CoA oxydase 1 pour la dĂ©gradation des AGTLC au niveau du systĂšme de b-oxydation peroxysomale et pour la biogenĂšse du peroxysome. L accumulation des substrats non mĂ©tabolisĂ©s en absence d ACOX1 pourrait ĂȘtre Ă  l origine de la perturbation de la fonction mitochondriale montrant Ă  quel point l activitĂ© de l ACOX1 est indispensable au mĂ©tabolisme cellulaireAcyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal fatty acid b-oxidation pathway of very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFAs). In humans, ACOX1 deficiency, also called pseudo-neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, is an autosomal recessive and a severe form of the peroxisomal b-oxidation deficiency. Patients suffer from severe delayed motor development followed by a progressive neurological regression including progressive hypodensity of cerebral white matter, hepatomegaly and deafness and die during late-infantile period. Elevated plasma and tissues VLCFAs levels are detected in these patients. Mice lacking ACOX1 develop severe microvesicular steatohepatitis with increased intrahepatic H2O2 levels and hepatocellular regeneration. Liver cell proliferation in Acox1-/- mice leads to complete replacement of steatotic hepatocytes with hepatocytes that exhibit massive spontaneous peroxisome proliferation. Older mice develop hepatocellular carcinomas due to the sustained activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARa). Contrary to humans, mice lacking ACOX1 have no apparent neurological disorder. Based on fibroblasts cell model from P-NALD patients, we show that ACOX1 deficiency lead to abolition of peroxysomal b-oxidation of cerotic acid (C26:0) and modification of peroxysomal morphology which appear reduced in number and enlarged in size. Moreover, accumulation of VLCFAs in ACOX1 deficiency in human fibroblasts interferes at the transcription level with cholesterol synthesis pathway. Furthermore, these cells show activation of interleukin-1b pathway with elevated production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 as an inflammatory response to metabolic disturbance due to VLCFAs accumulation. Furthermore, we show in this study that the ACOX1 deficiency in human fibroblasts and in mice liver leads to alteration of the mitochondrial ultra structure, changes in the expression and activity of mitochondrial chain complexes. These alterations of mitochondrial functions are accompanied by reduction in mitochondrial ATP levels in human fibroblasts and decreased mitochondrial respiration in ACOX1 deficient mice. Interestingly, the mitochondrial changes observed in Acox1-/- mice are restored by expression of human ACOX1 in liver suggesting an essential role of human and murine Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 activity in preventing mitochondrial and lipid disturbance.Together, the results presented in this work underscore the important role of ACOX1 in humans and mice to ensure peroxisomal b-oxidation, VLCFAs catabolism and to preserve peroxisomal morphology. Given mitochondrial perturbation in ACOX1 deficiency, it is clear that this enzyme plays a pivotal role in preventing VLCFAs accumulation and their cellular toxicity and guarantees mitochondrial normal morphology and function in response to energy demandDIJON-BU Doc.Ă©lectronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Base moléculaire des effets de l'huile d'argan sur le métabolisme mitochondrial et peroxysomal des acides gras et sur l'inflammation

    Get PDF
    L objectif des travaux de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© d explorer les bases molĂ©culaires de l effet de l huile d Argan (HA) sur le mĂ©tabolisme lipidique au niveau mitochondriale et peroxysomale ainsi qu Ă©lucider son potentiel anti-inflammatoire. Nous avons donc montrĂ©, dans un premier temps, que les mĂ©thodes artisanales prĂ©servaient les propriĂ©tĂ©s antioxydantes d HA empĂȘchant l oxydation de l acide fĂ©rulique contrairement Ă  l HA d origines commerciale. Ensuite, le traitement par l HA ou par les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) de fibroblastes humains, un modĂšle cellulaire de la pseudo-adrĂ©noleucodystrophie nĂ©onatale (P-NALD), rĂ©vĂšle pour l HA une prolifĂ©ration des peroxysomes indĂ©pendante de l activation du rĂ©cepteur nuclĂ©aire PPARa et de son coactivateur PGC-1a. Par contre, l induction de la prolifĂ©ration de peroxysomes par les LPS est accompagnĂ©e d une activation de PPAR et de PGC-1 ParallĂšlement, une Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e au niveau hĂ©patique chez des souris traitĂ©es par l HA ou par les LPS. Nous avons montrĂ© pour la premiĂšre fois l activitĂ© antioxydante de l huile d Argan in vivo au niveau hĂ©patique par l induction de l activitĂ© enzymatique de la catalase peroxysomale et une activitĂ© hypolipĂ©miante par la stimulation des activitĂ©s dĂ©shydrogĂ©nases (ACADs) de la -oxydations mitochondriale des acides gars. De plus, l HA induit la transcription des gĂšnes PPECK et G6PH de la voie de la nĂ©oglucogenĂšse. Nous avons montrĂ© Ă©galement pour la premiĂšre fois un effet prĂ©ventif de l HA contre la rĂ©pression des activitĂ©s dĂ©shydrogĂ©nases des voies de -oxydations mitochondriale et peroxysomale, ainsi que celle la voie de la nĂ©oglucogenĂšse. Nos travaux dĂ©montrent que l HA possĂšde un potentiel anti-inflammatoire, induit par le LPS, Ă©lucidĂ© par la rĂ©pression de cytokines pro-inflammatoires IL-6 et TNFa et par l induction de cytokines anti-inflammatoires IL10 et IL-4. L ensemble de nos rĂ©sultats indiquerait que l huile d Argan, du fait de sa composition riche en acide gras mono et polyinsaturĂ©s et en antioxydants, a des effets hypolipĂ©miants et anti-inflammatoires au niveau hĂ©patique qui se traduisent par une rĂ©gulation de l expression Ă  la fois de rĂ©cepteurs nuclĂ©aires et de leur gĂšnes cibles ainsi que de certaines cytokinesThe objective of this thesis work was to explore the molecular basis of Argan Oil (AO) effects on the mitochondrial and peroxisomal lipid metabolism and to elucidate its anti-inflammatory potential. We thus showed, initially, that the artisanal method preparation preserved the antioxidant properties of AO preventing the oxidation of the ferulic acid, by contrast to AO of commercial origin. Then, the treatment by the AO or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of human fibroblasts, the cellular model of pseudo-neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (P-NALD), revealed for the AO that peroxisomes proliferation is independent from the activation of the nuclear receptor PPARa and the co-activator PGC-1a. On the other side, the induction of the proliferation of peroxisomes by LPS is accompanied by an activation of both PPARa and PGC-1a. At the same time, mice treatments by AO or by the LPS showed, for the first time, the hepatic antioxidant activity of AO through the induction of the activity of the peroxisomal catalase. In addition, we showed a hypolipidemic activity of AO, by the stimulation of dehydrogenase activities (ACADs) of the mitochondrial fatty acid b-oxidation. Moreover, the AO induces the transcription of genes involved in gluconeogenesis pathway (i.e. PEPCK and G6PH). We also revealed, for the first time, the preventive effect of AO against LPS repressions of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid degradation as well as on the gluconeogenic pathway. Furthermore, the AO anti-inflammatory potential has been shown, in mice treated by LPS, through the repression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFa and by the induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 and IL-4. All together, our results may indicate that the Argan oil, because of its composition rich in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids and in antioxidants as well, has a hypolipidemic and an anti-inflammatory effects, which are revealed by the regulation of the expressions of nuclear receptors and their target genes including several cytokinesDIJON-BU Doc.Ă©lectronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    NFY interacts with the promoter region of two genes involved in the rat peroxisomal fatty acid ÎČ-oxidation: the multifunctional protein type 1 and the 3-ketoacyl-CoA B thiolase

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: ÎČ-oxidation of long and very long chain fatty acyl-CoA derivatives occurs in peroxisomes, which are ubiquitous subcellular organelles of eukaryotic cells. This pathway releases acetyl-CoA as precursor for several key molecules such as cholesterol. Numerous enzymes participating to cholesterol and fatty acids biosynthesis pathways are co-localized in peroxisomes and some of their encoding genes are known as targets of the NFY transcriptional regulator. However, until now no interaction between NFY transcription factor and genes encoding peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation has been reported. RESULTS: This work studied the interactions between NFY factor with the rat gene promoters of two enzymes of the fatty acid ÎČ-oxidation, MFP-1 (multifunctional protein type 1) and ThB (thiolase B) and their involvement in the cholesterol dependent-gene regulation. Binding of this nuclear factor to the ATTGG motif of the MFP-1 and of the ThB promoters was demonstrated by EMSA (Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay) and super shift assay. In contrast, in spite of the presence of putative Sp1 binding sites in these promoters, competitive EMSA did not reveal any binding. The promoter-dependent luciferase gene expression was downregulated by cholesterol in MFP-1 and ThB promoters harbouring constructs. CONCLUSIONS: This work describes for the first time a NFY interaction with promoter sequences of the peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation encoding genes. It suggests that cholesterol would negatively regulate the expression of genes involved in ÎČ-oxidation, which generates the initial precursor for its own biosynthesis, via at least the NFY transcription factor

    Cytoprotective and Antioxidants in Peroxisomal Neurodegenerative Diseases

    Get PDF
    Several of the peroxisomal neurodegenerative disorders are the consequence of a specific deficiency of an enzyme or a transporter involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids [1,2]. One of the hallmarks in these peroxisomal rare neurodegenerative diseases and in other common demyelinating disorders is the accompanying oxidative damage and neuroinflammation [3]. Compelling data indicates that oxidative stress can activate microglia leading to the overproduction of pro-inflammatory molecules [4,5]. Thus, targeting oxidative stress to limit neuroinflammation may open a new pharmacological therapy window for these still incurable devastating peroxisomal diseases. Here, we present different natural (resveratrol) [6] and synthetic (organoselenides) [7] antioxidant compounds for their capacity of scavenging oxidative stress and in the perspective therapeutic use against oxidative damage in peroxisomal disorders

    Growth inhibition of cultured cancer cells by Ribes nigrum leaf extract

    Get PDF
    The present article includes data on the possible selective cytotoxic effect of extract of Ribes nigrum L. growing at high Armenian landscape. For this purpose, different non-cancer (microglial BV-2 wild type (Wt), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) deficient (Acox1−/−) and cancer (human colon adenocarcinoma HT29 and human breast cancer MCF7) cell lines were applied. R. nigrum leaf ethanol extract showed a growth inhibition effect towards HT29 and MCF7 cells started from 6 h of treatment at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL DW. The lowest concentration (0.125 mg/mL DW) of the investigated extract expressed cytotoxicity after 72 hours following cancer cell treatment. In contrast to the cancer cells, in the case of the tested non-cancer cells, cytotoxic effect was not observed at the applied concentrations. The extract sub-cytotoxic concentration, in this case, was reported to be the 1 mg/mL DW. Further investigations are needed to confirm the selective cytotoxicity and possible action mechanisms of the leaf extract of R. nigrum
    • 

    corecore