Kollektivavtalsreglerad turordning - En uppsats om hur turordningsregler skiljer sig i svenska kollektivavtal

När arbetsbrist uppstår finns det en rad faktorer som påverkar vilken arbetstagare som kommer sägas upp. Enligt lag upprättas en turordningskrets utifrån kollektivavtalsområde och driftsenhet, samt principen om sist-in-först-ut tillämpas. Turordningsreglerna är semidispositiva, vilket gör att avsteg från lag kan förekomma genom kollektivavtal. Avtalet om turordning för arbetstagare hos staten, Arkitektavtalet, Avtal personlig assistans, Kemiska fabriker kollektivavtal, Teknikavtalet och Tjänstemannaavtalet beaktas i uppsatsen. I utvalda kollektivavtal kan turordningskretsar upprättas utifrån faktorer som jämförbara arbetsuppgifter samt krav och behov i bemanningshänseende, vilket skapar andra förutsättningar än vid turordning enligt lag. En turordningskrets utformning påverkar om en turordningslista eller avtalsturlista upprättas, där ordningen avgör vilken arbetstagare som blir uppsagd. Följande frågeställningar ligger till grund för uppsatsen; 1) Hur kan semidispositiviteten påverka turordningsreglerna i lag och kollektivavtal? 2) Vilka avsteg från turordningsreglerna i LAS kan förekomma i kollektivavtal och hur påverkas arbetstagaren av dem? Turordningsregler för statlig sektor ställs i relation till kollektivavtal tecknade för privat sektor. Likaså ställs kollektivavtal gällande arbetare i relation till kollektivavtal som omfattar tjänstemän. Jämförelsen mellan lagstiftade turordningsregler och kollektivavtalade turordningsregler leder till slutsatsen att kollektivavtalsreglerade avsteg förändrar arbetstagarens förutsättningar och plats i turordningen. Semidispositiviteten öppnar därmed upp för förändringar av arbetsmarknadens spelregler.Concerning redundancy, a few components occur that affect which employee whom will receive a notice of termination. According to law, the order of termination shall be established by operational units and agreement sectors. The order of termination is based upon each employee's total time of employment, though deviations may apply through collective agreements. Six collective agreements have been displayed in the essay. Theses collective agreements determined the order of termination upon other aspects than established by law, which creates an opportunity for a different outcome. The aspect which the order of termination is established upon, affect which employee that will receive a notice of determination. The following research questions will accordingly be portrayed in the essay; 1) How does deviation from legal rules affect the rules of determination in law and collective agreements? 2) To what extent does deviation apply and how does it affect the employee? The rules of determination in the different agreements is compared to one another, but also held in comparison to legislation established by law. The differences that arose out of the comparison lead to the conclusion that deviation concerning rules of determination affect the employee in various ways and hold the approach of a game changer on the labour market

Protocol for optical clearing and imaging of fluorescently labeled ex vivo rat brain slices

Tissue clearing is commonly used for whole-brain imaging but seldom used for brain slices. Here, we present a simple protocol to slice, immunostain, and clear sections of adult rat brains for subsequent high-resolution confocal imaging. The protocol does not require toxic reagents or specialized equipment. We also provide instructions for culturing of rat brain slices free floating on permeable culture inserts, maintained in regular CO2 incubators, and handled only at media change

Limits of agricultural greenhouse gas calculators to predict soil N2O and CH4 fluxes in tropical agriculture

Acknowledgements This work was undertaken as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), which is a strategic partnership of CGIAR and Future Earth. This research was carried out with funding by the European Union (EU) and with technical support from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The UN FAO Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) Programme funded data collection in Kenya and Tanzania. The views expressed in the document cannot be taken to reflect the official opinions of CGIAR, Future Earth, or donors. We thank Louis Bockel of the UN FAO Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA) for his comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Cool Farm Tool Water : A global on-line tool to assess water use in crop production

© 2018 The Authors.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Grafts Derived from an α-Synuclein Triplication Patient Mediate Functional Recovery but Develop Disease-Associated Pathology in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND: Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been proposed as an alternative source for cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) and they provide the option of using the patient's own cells. A few studies have investigated transplantation of patient-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons in preclinical models; however, little is known about the long-term integrity and function of grafts derived from patients with PD.OBJECTIVE: To assess the viability and function of DA neuron grafts derived from a patient hiPSC line with an α-synuclein gene triplication (AST18), using a clinical grade human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line (RC17) as a reference control.METHODS: Cells were differentiated into ventral mesencephalic (VM)-patterned DA progenitors using an established GMP protocol. The progenitors were then either terminally differentiated to mature DA neurons in vitro or transplanted into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats and their survival, maturation, function, and propensity to develop α-synuclein related pathology, were assessed in vivo.RESULTS: Both cell lines generated functional neurons with DA properties in vitro. AST18-derived VM progenitor cells survived transplantation and matured into neuron-rich grafts similar to the RC17 cells. After 24 weeks, both cell lines produced DA-rich grafts that mediated full functional recovery; however, pathological changes were only observed in grafts derived from the α-synuclein triplication patient line.CONCLUSION: This data shows proof-of-principle for survival and functional recovery with familial PD patient-derived cells in the 6-OHDA model of PD. However, signs of slowly developing pathology warrants further investigation before use of autologous grafts in patients

Direct Reprogramming of Human Fetal- and Stem Cell-Derived Glial Progenitor Cells into Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons

Human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) are promising cellular substrates to explore for the in situ production of new neurons for brain repair. Proof of concept for direct neuronal reprogramming of glial progenitors has been obtained in mouse models in vivo, but conversion using human cells has not yet been demonstrated. Such studies have been difficult to perform since hGPCs are born late during human fetal development, with limited accessibility for in vitro culture. In this study, we show proof of concept of hGPC conversion using fetal cells and also establish a renewable and reproducible stem cell-based hGPC system for direct neural conversion in vitro. Using this system, we have identified optimal combinations of fate determinants for the efficient dopaminergic (DA) conversion of hGPCs, thereby yielding a therapeutically relevant cell type that selectively degenerates in Parkinson's disease. The induced DA neurons show a progressive, subtype-specific phenotypic maturation and acquire functional electrophysiological properties indicative of DA phenotype

Climate change adaptation, mitigation and livelihood benefits in coffee production: where are the synergies?

There are worldwide approximately 4.3 million coffee (Coffea arabica) producing smallholders generating a large share of tropical developing countries' gross domestic product, notably in Central America. Their livelihoods and coffee production are facing major challenges due to projected climate change, requiring adaptation decisions that may range from changes in management practices to changes in crops or migration. Since management practices such as shade use and reforestation influence both climate vulnerability and carbon stocks in coffee, there may be synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation that could make it advantageous to jointly pursue both objectives. In some cases, carbon accounting for mitigation actions might even be used to incentivize and subsidize adaptation actions. To assess potential synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in smallholder coffee production systems, we quantified (i) the potential of changes in coffee production and processing practices as well as other livelihood activities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, (ii) coffee farmers' climate change vulnerability and need for adaptation, including the possibility of carbon markets subsidizing adaptation. We worked with smallholder organic coffee farmers in Northern Nicaragua, using workshops, interviews, farm visits and the Cool Farm Tool software to calculate greenhouse gas balances of coffee farms. From the 12 activities found to be relevant for adaptation, two showed strong and five showed modest synergies with mitigation. Afforestation of degraded areas with coffee agroforestry systems and boundary tree plantings resulted in the highest synergies between adaptation and mitigation. Financing possibilities for joint adaptation-mitigation activities could arise through carbon offsetting, carbon insetting, and carbon footprint reductions. Non-monetary benefits such as technical assistance and capacity building could be effective in promoting such synergies at low transaction costs

Limits of agricultural greenhouse gas calculators to predict soil N\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3eO and CH\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e fluxes in tropical agriculture

Demand for tools to rapidly assess greenhouse gas impacts from policy and technological change in the agricultural sector has catalyzed the development of \u27 GHG calculators\u27-simple accounting approaches that use a mix of emission factors and empirical models to calculate GHG emissions with minimal input data. GHG calculators, however, rely on models calibrated from measurements conducted overwhelmingly under temperate, developed country conditions. Here we show that GHG calculators may poorly estimate emissions in tropical developing countries by comparing calculator predictions against measurements from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Estimates based on GHG calculators were greater than measurements in 70% of the cases, exceeding twice the measured flux nearly half the time. For 41% of the comparisons, calculators incorrectly predicted whether emissions would increase or decrease with a change in management. These results raise concerns about applying GHG calculators to tropical farming systems and emphasize the need to broaden the scope of the underlying data

REST suppression mediates neural conversion of adult human fibroblasts via microRNA-dependent and -independent pathways.

Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into mature and functional neurons, termed induced neurons (iNs), was achieved for the first time 6 years ago. This technology offers a promising shortcut for obtaining patient- and disease-specific neurons for disease modeling, drug screening, and other biomedical applications. However, fibroblasts from adult donors do not reprogram as easily as fetal donors, and no current reprogramming approach is sufficiently efficient to allow the use of this technology using patient-derived material for large-scale applications. Here, we investigate the difference in reprogramming requirements between fetal and adult human fibroblasts and identify REST as a major reprogramming barrier in adult fibroblasts. Via functional experiments where we overexpress and knockdown the REST-controlled neuron-specific microRNAs miR-9 and miR-124, we show that the effect of REST inhibition is only partially mediated via microRNA up-regulation. Transcriptional analysis confirmed that REST knockdown activates an overlapping subset of neuronal genes as microRNA overexpression and also a distinct set of neuronal genes that are not activated via microRNA overexpression. Based on this, we developed an optimized one-step method to efficiently reprogram dermal fibroblasts from elderly individuals using a single-vector system and demonstrate that it is possible to obtain iNs of high yield and purity from aged individuals with a range of familial and sporadic neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's, Huntington's, as well as Alzheimer's disease