4 research outputs found

    Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis.

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    Multiple sclerosis is a common disease of the central nervous system in which the interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes typically results in intermittent neurological disturbance followed by progressive accumulation of disability. Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors are primarily responsible for the substantially increased frequency of the disease seen in the relatives of affected individuals, and systematic attempts to identify linkage in multiplex families have confirmed that variation within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exerts the greatest individual effect on risk. Modestly powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled more than 20 additional risk loci to be identified and have shown that multiple variants exerting modest individual effects have a key role in disease susceptibility. Most of the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility to the disease remains to be defined and is anticipated to require the analysis of sample sizes that are beyond the numbers currently available to individual research groups. In a collaborative GWAS involving 9,772 cases of European descent collected by 23 research groups working in 15 different countries, we have replicated almost all of the previously suggested associations and identified at least a further 29 novel susceptibility loci. Within the MHC we have refined the identity of the HLA-DRB1 risk alleles and confirmed that variation in the HLA-A gene underlies the independent protective effect attributable to the class I region. Immunologically relevant genes are significantly overrepresented among those mapping close to the identified loci and particularly implicate T-helper-cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

    Huumeet ja kirjailijoiden luovuus

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    Pro gradu -tutkielmani kÀsittelee huumeiden ja kirjailijoiden luovuuden vÀlistÀ yhteyttÀ. Kirjailijat ja alkoholi yhdistetÀÀn helposti toisiinsa, ja erityisesti siten, ettÀ alkoholi on ollut muusa. Alkoholiin mieltyneiden kirjailijoiden lisÀksi historia tuntee myös huumeita kÀyttÀneitÀ kirjailijoita. Miten huumeet vaikuttivat heidÀn luovuuteensa? Oliko eri huumeilla erilaisia vaikutuksia? Vai oliko huumeista pikemminkin haittaa luovalle työlle? Tarkastelen neljÀn hyvin erilaisen kirjailijan pÀihteidenkÀyttöhistoriaa ja tuotantoa. Kirjailijat ovat William S. Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, Hunter S. Thompson ja Stephen King. HeistÀ vain viimeksi mainittu on vielÀ elossa. Otan myös huomioon kirjailijoiden oman nÀkemyksen aiheesta sekÀ mahdollisuuksien mukaan heidÀn mielipiteensÀ eri huumeiden eroavaisuuksista luomisprosessissa. Tutkimuksen tekemiseen liittyi useita ongelmia, joista merkittÀvin on se, ettÀ aiheeseen liittyvÀÀ materiaalia on vain niukasti saatavilla. LisÀksi luovuutta on vaikea mÀÀritellÀ ja mitata. KerÀÀmÀni aineistoni perusteella huumeet ovat ruokkineet kirjailijoiden luovuutta hyvin eri tavoin. Huumeita on muun muassa kiitetty kirjailijan ammatin löytÀmisestÀ, huumeita kÀyttÀmÀllÀ on pÀÀsty kirjoittamisessa eteenpÀin ja huumeet ovat olleet hyvÀ aihe, josta keksiÀ tarinoita

    Totuuden sanoja : valikoima kapinanaikaisia "maanalaisia" kirjoituksia

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    Kirjoittajain luettelo: Juhani Aho, Santeri Alkio, Einar Böök, Matti Helenius-SeppÀlÀ, Ellen Key, Paavo Korpisaari, Hannes LeiviskÀ, S. LevÀmÀki, Aarno Malin, Lauri MÀkinen, Bertel Nyberg, A. Ruokosalmi, Elli TavastÀhti, W. W. Tuomioja

    New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias

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    Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/‘proxy’ AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE Δ4 allele
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